General Physics I PHY 101.docx (1)

Ideal Gas Law

Relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas, given by PV = nRT.

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

States that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Specific Gravity

The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance, typically water.

Pressure vs. Depth Relation

The relationship where pressure increases with depth in a fluid, calculated using P = ρgh.

Archimedes' Principle

An object immersed in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.

Buoyancy

The upward force experienced by an object submerged in a fluid, counteracting its weight.

Work-Energy Relation

States that the work done on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy.

Momentum

The product of an object's mass and velocity, represented as p = mv.

Impulse

Change in momentum resulting from a force applied over a time interval, J = FΔt.

Newton's Second Law

States that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.

Doppler Effect

The change in frequency or pitch of a wave as observed by someone moving relative to the wave source.

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

Periodic motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement from equilibrium.

Kinetic Energy

The energy an object possesses due to its motion, calculated as KE = 1/2 mv².

Potential Energy

Energy stored in an object due to its position or state, such as gravitational potential energy PE = mgh.

Bernoulli's Principle

States that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure.

Frequency

The number of cycles of a wave that occur in a unit of time, measured in hertz (Hz).

Amplitude

The maximum displacement of points on a wave from its rest position, related to loudness in sound waves.

Thermal Expansion

The tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature.

Heat Capacity

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius.

Calorimetry

The science of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes.

First Law of Thermodynamics

States that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

Escape Velocity

The minimum velocity needed for an object to break free from the gravitational attraction of a massive body.