Chemistry Unit 1 study guide

Steps to the scientific method

1. State the problem or question based on observations

2. Form a hypothesis

3. Test the hypothesis by making an experiment

4. Collect and analyze data

5. Draw conclusions

6. Share information

Independent Variable

A condition that is set/manipulated by a scientist

Dependent Variable

Changed and measured

Constant variables

The once the scientist DOES NOT want to change

Graduated Cylinder

For mixing and holding liquids

Beaker

Mixing/holding different chemicals and holding liquids. Not very accurate

Erlenmeyer Flask

Mixing different chemicals and holding liquid

Funnel

To transfer liquids or solids into a small hole or container

Hot plate

warms up ingredients without a flame

Stirring rod

for stirring

Test tube

Mixing/ holding/ pouring different liquids

Test tube holder

Holds the test tube

Digital Balance

A scale used to determine the mass of a substance

Mortar and Pestle

Grinds ingredients

Forceps

Tweezers used to pick up small items

Scoopula

Transfers powder, grainy solids, and sometimes liquid and pick them up

KHDBDCM

Kilo, Heco, Deka, Basic, Deci, Centi, Milli

Grams (g) are used for

Mass

Meters (m) are used for

Length

Liter (L) is used for

Volume

Celcius (°C) is used for

Temperature

Significant Figures rules

1. All non zero numbers are significant

2. Zeros between non zero numbers are never significant

3. Zeros at the end of numbers are significant only if there is a decimal point

Rules for Adding and Subtracting Significant Figures

1. Determine the number decimal places of each number in the question

2. Add or subtract the numbers

3. Round the answer to match the least number of places

Rules for multiplying and dividing Significant Figures

1. Determine the number of significant figures each number being multiplied or divided has and note which number has the fewest.

2. Complete the calculation

3. Write the answer using the same number of sig figs as the least number of sig figs found in the calculation

What is matter?

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Physical properties

Characteristics or traits that help identify or classify matter that can be observed without changing.

Chemical Properties

Describe matter based on its ability to change into a new kind of matter

Physical Changes

Result in a different display without changing the new composition

Chemical Changes

When two or more substance join to form new substances with new chemical properties

Signs a chemical change has occured

Unexpected color change

Unexpected temperature change

Burning

Unexpected odor

Quantitative physical properties

Observations made using measurements to describe the properties.

Qualitative properties

Observations using senses to describe the properties of the item.