EXAM 4 AHHHH

diffusion

in small organisms like sponges, hydra and flatworms use … to move gasses through their skin

laryngeal muscles

contract and pull vocal folds together closing the glottis

Bronchi, trachea

cartilage lined

Bronchioles

smooth muscle lines

expired

exhale

inspired

inhale

intercostal muscles

run along ribs and thoracic cavity

consumption

partial pressure of O2 in cells is low due to its … in aerobic respiration

production

partial pressure of CO2 in cells is high due to its … in aerobic respiration

systemic capillary beds

Hemoglobin is not fully saturated which facilitates the unloading of the oxygen in the

Asthma

chronic inflammatory disease of airways caused by hypersensitivity of immune system

corticosteroids or adrenergic agonist

Asthma is treated with

Chronic bronchitis

inflammation of the main air passages to the lungs

Pulmonary emphysema

tissues necessary to support the physical shape and function of the lungs are destroyed due to shortness of breath

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder

occurrence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Lung Cancer

uncontrolled growth in tissues of the lung

Smokers

are 20 times more likely to dvelop chronic bronchitis and emphysema

90%

of all deaths from COPD are caused by smoking

Lifespans shortening of smokers

female: 14.5 years

male: 13.2 years

pleiotropic disease

leading to pulmonary digestive and reproductive problems

Cystic Fibrosis

caused by mutations in the CFTR gene of chloride channels that lead to thick, sticky mucus production affecting the lungs and digestive system.

Trikafta

first treatment for cystic fibrosis CFTR F508, deletion of phenylalanine at position 508

epiphysis

both ends of bone that is filled with red bone marrow

diaphysis

hollow shaft that contains yellow bone marrow

Articular cartilage

covers the portion of the epiphyses that rub against the adjacent bone

periosteum

covers the outer surfaces of the bone

endosteum

lines the marrow cavities

osteons

units within the compact bone

osteocytes

bone cells trapped in lacunae pits

Haversarian canal

have blood vessels and nerves which run through the osteon

osteocytes

mature osteoblasts

epimysium

continuous at the ends of the skeletal muscle with the tendon

actin

thin fillaments

myosin

contractile protein that exerts force by binding to the actin fillaments and pulling them toward the center of the A band

sacromere

repeating functional unit along a muscle fiber. Region from one z-line to the next

T tubules

bridges from the sarcolemma to the sarcoplasm running adjacent to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, induces the release of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

tropomyosin

a door stop that prevents the myosin from binging to the actin

troponin

released when calcium is released and causes the removal of the tropomyosin

hydrostatic skeleton

a fluid filled skeleton formed by compartments within body called coelom

circular muscles

extends the body plain from anterior to posterior

longitudinal muscles

shortens the body plain from anterior to posterior

chitin

exoskeletons are composed of the polysaccharide

ecdysis

the periodic shedding of the exoskeleton

endoskeleton

living cartilaginous or calcified skeleton

cartilage

firm flexible connective tissue found in selected regions of the vertebrae skeleton

Bone

rigid connective tissue that compromise the majority of vertebrae skeletons

Joint

articulations found at bone junctions allowing movement without bones rubbing against eachother

Ligament

fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bon e

Tendon

fibrous connective tissue attaching muscle to bone

skull, ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, rib cage

Axial Skeleton

Cervical Vertebrae

C1-7

Thoracic Vertebrae

Th1-12

Lumbar Vertbrae

L1-5

Sacrum and Coccyx

sacral curve of the vertebral skeleton

Vertebral Foramen

the hole in the middle of each vertebra that allows the spinal cord to pass through.

sternum

makes up the central, ventral seam of theA thoracic cage

costal cartilage

runs from the ventral end of the ribs to and connects to the sternum

Apendicular Skeleton

Everything else plus pelvic girdle and pectoral girdle

Ilium, Pubis, Ischium Fused together

Pelvic Girdle

Clavicle and Scapula

Pectoral Girdle

Irregular Bone

vertebrae and pelvic bones with complicated shapes

Flat bone

flattened structure like the bones of the sternum and skull

short bone

cube like, carpals, tarsals, sesamoid bone ie patella

long bone

longer than wide, shaft with two ends ie femur

lamellae

concentric layers of matrix surrounding Haversian canals

osteoclast

break down of bone or reorganization of bone tissue stimulated by parathyroid hormone

osteocytes

mature osteoblasts that live in lacunae pits

osteogenic cells

stem population that live under the periosteum and differentiate into osteoblasts.

cardiac muscles

muscle tissue that makes up the heart, responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It is involuntary

skeletal muscle

voluntary muscle that appears striatted

smooth muscles

involuntary found in internal organs and tubes

epimysium

is continuous at the ends of the skeletal muscle with the tendons that attach muscles to bones.

sarcolemma

plasma membrane surrounding skeletal muscle fiber

myosin

contractile protein that exerts force by binding to acin fillaments and pulling them to center of A - band

hydrostatic skeleton

a fluid filled skeleton formed by compartments within body called coelom

circular muscles

extends the body plain from anterior to posterior

longitudinal muscles

shortens the body plain from anterior to posterior

chitin

exoskeletons are composed of the polysaccharide

ecdysis

the periodic shedding of the exoskeleton

endoskeleton

living cartilaginous or calcified skeleton

cartilage

firm flexible connective tissue found in selected regions of the vertebrae skeleton

Bone

rigid connective tissue that compromise the majority of vertebrae skeletons

Joint

articulations found at bone junctions allowing movement without bones rubbing against eachother

Ligament

fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bon e

Tendon

fibrous connective tissue attaching muscle to bone

skull, ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, rib cage

Axial Skeleton

Cervical Vertebrae

C1-7

Thoracic Vertebrae

Th1-12

Lumbar Vertbrae

L1-5

Sacrum and Coccyx

sacral curve of the vertebral skeleton

Vertebral Foramen

the hole in the middle of each vertebra that allows the spinal cord to pass through.

sternum

makes up the central, ventral seam of theA thoracic cage

costal cartilage

runs from the ventral end of the ribs to and connects to the sternum

Apendicular Skeleton

Everything else plus pelvic girdle and pectoral girdle

Ilium, Pubis, Ischium Fused together

Pelvic Girdle

Clavicle and Scapula

Pectoral Girdle

8

carpals in wrist

5

metacarpals in hands and metatarsals in toes

14

phalanges in fingers and toes

7

tarsals in ankle