AP PYSCHOLOGY - Unit 7 (Thinking and Memory)

memory

the storage and retrival of what one has either learned or experienced

encoding

transformation of info so the nervous system can process it

acoustic encoding

out loud

visual encoding

mental picture

semantic encoding

making sense of information

storage

process by which we remember material acquired over a period of time

retrieval

process of obtaining information from storage

sensory memory

information gathered by sight, hearing taste, etc. short lived

sensory register

temporary storage bin

iconic memory

visual memory

eidetic memory

photographic memory

echoic memory

auditory memory

short term memory

allows for breif retention of newly aquired information, lasts for only 30 seconds

George Miller

did a series of studies on STM, determined we can retain 7 items in STM, + or - 2

long term memory

storage of information over an extended time, organized by categories and fear, NO LIMITS

semantic memory

knowledge of language and retaining facts, requires matenance rehearsal since not imprinted in our brains

episodic memory

memories of ones own life and time experiences occurred (personal diary)

declarative memory

AKA explicit memory, holds knowledge that can be recalled consciously as needed, “what” and “that”

procedural memory

memory of learned skills that do not require concious recollection. gradually lose the ability to describe what we are doing when we perform these skills

retrospective memory

past experiences/events

prospective memory

stuff need to do in the future, linked to wants

flashbulb memories

considered episodic memory, something that triggers an episodic memory, permanently seared into the brain

Anderson Conway

coined the term flashbulb memories

schemas

conceptual frameworks that a person uses to make sense of the world, sets of expectations + VALUES

Erik Kandell

used a sea snail (APLYSIA) to figure out how memory is stored. was a molecular biologist and nobel prize winner, used classical conditioning

early language aquisition

one of the most important steps is reading, better prepared for life skills if you like to read

phonemes

STRUCTURE of language, individual sounds, basic structural elements (think consonants and vowels)

morphemes

STRUCTURE of language, smallest unit of meaning, made up of 1 or more phonemes

syntax

STRUCTURE of language, language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases

semantics

STRUCTURE of language, study of meaning in language, same word can have different meaning

B.F Skinner

opperant conditioning, speech reinforced with smiles and attention

Noam Chomsky

infants possess and innate capacity for language

LAD

language acquisition device, language is INNATE, unlimited ability to learn language

transformational grammar

system of describing the rules that determine all the sentences that can possibly be formed in any language

4 months

first STAGE of language development, babble stage with no start and stop

9 months

critical STAGE of learning, babbling is refined

proactive interference

cannot remember new information blocked by old information

retroactive interference

cannot remember old information, blocked by new information

insight

sudden aha moment

linguistic determinism

language determines thinking and culture

framing effect

10% winning vs 90% losing

telegraphic speech

two-word stage of language

heuristic

mental shortcut

retrieval cue

something that sparks a memory

automatic processing

encoding that occurs with no effort rep

representativeness neuristic

essentially sterotypes

functional fixedness

traditional methodsa

amygdala + hippocampus

apart of the limbic system, believe this is where storage occurs