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Atom
The smallest unit of matter.
Molecule
A group of atoms bonded together (e.g., water, DNA).
Organelle
A functional structure inside cells (e.g., nucleus, mitochondria).
Cell
The basic unit of life.
Tissue
A group of similar cells performing a specific function.
Organ
A structure made of different tissues that work together (e.g., heart, lungs).
Organ System
A group of organs that work together (e.g., digestive system).
Organism
A single living individual.
Population
A group of organisms of the same species in one area.
Community
All populations (different species) in one area.
Ecosystem
A community plus its non-living environment (air, water, soil).
Biosphere
The sum of all ecosystems on Earth.
Emergent Property
A characteristic that arises at a higher level of organization that wasn't present at the lower levels.
Order
Organized structure in cells and organisms.
Regulation (Homeostasis)
Maintaining a stable internal environment.
Growth and Development
Organisms grow and change over time.
Energy Processing
Using energy to function (e.g., metabolism).
Response to Stimuli
Reacting to environmental changes.
Reproduction
Producing offspring.
Evolution and Adaptation
Changes over generations due to natural selection.
Energy
The capacity to do work (e.g., sunlight, food).
Nutrient
A substance required for growth and survival.
Producers
Organisms (plants, algae) that make their own food using sunlight.
Consumers
Organisms that eat producers or other consumers.
Receptors
Proteins or cells that detect stimuli.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
The molecule that carries genetic instructions.
Traits
Inherited characteristics (e.g., eye color, height).
Inheritance
The passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring.
Development
Changes that occur during an organism's life cycle.
Genus
The first part of the name, capitalized (e.g., Homo in Homo sapiens).
Species
The second part, lowercase, unique to the organism (sapiens in Homo sapiens).
Prokaryotes
No nucleus (Bacteria & Archaea).
Eukaryotes
Have a nucleus (Eukarya: plants, animals, fungi, protists).
Bacteria
Single-celled, no nucleus, found everywhere.
Archaea
Single-celled, no nucleus, live in extreme environments.
Eukarya
Have a nucleus, includes plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
Protists
Unicellular or simple multicellular organisms (e.g., algae).
Fungi
Decomposers (e.g., mushrooms, yeast).
Plants
Multicellular, photosynthetic organisms.
Animals
Multicellular consumers that move.
Observation
Noticing a phenomenon.
Question
Asking why or how it happens.
Hypothesis
A testable explanation.
Experiment
Testing the hypothesis.
Data Collection
Gathering results.
Analysis
Interpreting data.
Conclusion
Supporting or rejecting the hypothesis.
Communication
Sharing results for peer review.
Scientific Theory
A well-supported explanation backed by extensive evidence.
Variable
A factor that can change in an experiment.
Independent Variable
The factor that is changed (cause).
Dependent Variable
The factor that is measured (effect).
Experimental Group
The group that receives the treatment.
Control Group
The group that does not receive the treatment, used for comparison.
Hypothesis to Theory
A hypothesis becomes a scientific theory when it has been repeatedly tested, supported by strong evidence, and widely accepted in the scientific community.
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