socsciiii

Non-Monetary Measures

Indicators of development beyond financial metrics, focusing on health, education, and well-being.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A composite measure based on health (life expectancy), education (years of schooling), and income (GNI per capita).

Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

A measure of poverty beyond income, identifying deprivations in health, education, and standard of living.

Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF)

A model analyzing how people sustain their means of living, considering assets, risks, institutions, and policies.

Dimensions of Poverty

The key areas of deprivation experienced by individuals, including health, education, and standard of living.

Indicators of Poverty

Specific measures that determine whether a household or individual is considered deprived in key poverty dimensions.

Dimension Index of Poverty

A statistical tool used to normalize and compare indicators of poverty across different populations.

Sustainable Livelihood

A livelihood is sustainable when it can withstand and recover from stresses and shocks while maintaining its assets and capabilities.

Dimensions of Sustainable Livelihoods

The four aspects that determine sustainability: environmental, economic, social, and institutional sustainability.

Environmental Sustainability

Achieved when the productivity of life-supporting natural resources is conserved or enhanced.

Economic Sustainability

Achieved when a given level of expenditure can be maintained over time.

Social Sustainability

Achieved when social exclusion is minimized and social equity is maximized.

Institutional Sustainability

Achieved when governance structures and processes function effectively over time.

Livelihood Assets

The five key resources (human, social, natural, physical, and financial capital) that people use for their livelihoods.

Human Capital

A type of livelihood asset that includes education, training, health, leadership skills, and motivation.

Natural Capital

A type of livelihood asset that includes land, water, biodiversity, and environmental resources.

Social Capital

A type of livelihood asset that consists of networks, relationships, trust, and community support.

Physical Capital

A type of livelihood asset that includes infrastructure, shelter, energy, tools, and technology.

Financial Capital

A type of livelihood asset that includes income, savings, credit, and government transfers.

Asset Pentagon

A visual representation of the five livelihood assets and their balance in different contexts.

Vulnerability Context

External factors impacting livelihoods, such as economic downturns, environmental shocks, and political instability.

Shocks

A type of vulnerability context that includes natural disasters, economic crashes, and health emergencies.

Seasonality

A type of vulnerability context that includes cyclical variations in income, employment, and resource availability.

Policies, Institutions, & Processes

The formal and informal structures and rules that shape how people access livelihood resources.

Policies

Government decisions affecting economic and social conditions.

Institutions (Hardware)

Formal organizations such as governments, banks, courts, and NGOs.

Processes (Software)

Social norms, traditions, and informal systems influencing decision-making and access to resources.

Livelihood Outcomes

The results of livelihood strategies, such as increased income, reduced vulnerability, and improved well-being.

Capabilities Approach

A framework that evaluates development based on people’s real freedom to achieve well-being, beyond just income.

Capability

The real freedom to achieve valuable functionings, influenced by personal and external factors.

Functionings

The actual achievements of individuals, such as being well-nourished, educated, or employed.

Opportunities Freedom

The ability to freely pursue various life paths, based on available capabilities.

Conversion Factors

Elements that determine how effectively individuals convert resources into well-being.

Physical Conversion Factors

A type of conversion factor that includes health, disability, and age.

Social Conversion Factors

A type of conversion factor that includes discrimination, social norms, and public policies.

Environmental Conversion Factors

A type of conversion factor that includes geographic location, pollution, and infrastructure.

Gross National Happiness (GNH)

A measure of development that prioritizes well-being, ecological sustainability, and cultural preservation.

Social Exclusion

A form of capability failure where individuals lack access to resources, rights, or opportunities due to discrimination.

Monetary Measures

Indicators that measure development through financial metrics such as GDP and income levels.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period.

Gross Domestic Product per Capita

GDP divided by the total population, representing average income per person.

Real Gross Domestic Product

GDP adjusted for inflation, reflecting actual economic growth.

Nominal Gross Domestic Product

GDP measured at current market prices, including inflation effects.

Gross National Income (GNI)

The total income earned by a country’s residents, including net income from abroad.

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

A method for comparing different countries' currencies by adjusting for cost-of-living differences.

Lorenz Curve

A graphical representation of income inequality, showing how income is distributed among a population.

Gini Coefficient

A numerical measure of income inequality, ranging from 0 (equality) to 1 (extreme inequality).

Democratizing Work

A movement advocating for worker participation in economic decision-making, reducing corporate dominance.

Labor Unions

Organizations that advocate for workers' rights, wages, and job security through collective bargaining.

Decommodifying Labor

The process of ensuring labor is not treated purely as a market commodity, emphasizing job security and fair wages.

Decarbonizing the Environment

Policies and actions aimed at reducing carbon emissions and transitioning to sustainable energy.

Codetermination

A labor policy where workers have a direct role in management decisions, often through workplace councils.

Cooperatives

Businesses owned and operated collectively by workers or members, rather than private shareholders.

Livelihood Strategies

The range and combination of activities and choices that people make to achieve their livelihood goals.

Livelihood

The capabilities, assets, and activities required for a means of living.

Trends and Changes

A type of vulnerability context that includes long-term demographic, economic, and environmental shifts.

Monetary Measures of Inequality

Metrics assessing income disparities, including the Gini Coefficient and Lorenz Curve.

Monetary Measures of Income

Indicators that quantify economic development by measuring income levels, wages, salaries, business profits, and government transfers within an economy.

environmental, economic, social, and institutional sustainability

These are the four dimensions of sustainable livelihoods.