Ch 13 Skeletal System

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88 Terms

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Axial skeleton

-Forms the vertical, central axis of the body

-Includes all bones of the head, neck, chest and back

-80 bones including the skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage

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Cranium

-Formed by 22 bones

-Subdivided into bones of the skull and bones of the face

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Frontal bone

-Bone of the skull

-Forms the forehead

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Parietal bone

-Bone of the skull

-Upper lateral sides of the cranium

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Occipital bone

-Bone of the skull

-Posterior skull and base of cranial cavity

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Temporal bone

-Bone of the skull

-Lower lateral sides of the cranium

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Sphenoid bone

-Bone of the skull

-Keystone bone forming part of the base of the skull and eye sockets

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Ethmoid bone

-Bone of the skull

-Forms part of the nose, orbit and base of the cranium

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Auditory ossicles

-Bone of the skull

-Small bones of the middle ear

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External auditory meatus

External opening of the ear and temporal bone

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Zygomatic bone

-Bone of the face

-Cheekbone

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Maxillary bone

-Bone of the face

-Upper jaw and hard palate

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Palatine bone

-Bone of the face

-Lateral walls of the nose

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Lacrimal bone

-Bone of the face

-Walls of the orbit

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Inferior conchae

-Bone of the face

-Lower lateral walls of nasal cavity

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Vomer bone

-Bone of the face

-Separates left and right nasal cavity

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What is the only movable bone of the skull?

Mandible

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Hyoid bone

-Bone of the face

-Found between the mandible and larynx, not connected to other bones

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Vertebral column

-Protects the spinal cord

-Consists of 24 vertebrae separated and united by an intervertebral disc

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Cervical vertebrae

First 7 vertebrae in the neck region

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Thoracic vertebrae

-T1-T12

-Forms outward curvature of the spine

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Lumbar vertebrae

  • L1-L5

  • Forms inner curvature of the spine

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Sacrum

Triangular-shaped bone found at the base of the spine

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Coccyx

tailbone

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Thoracic cavity

  • Protects heart and lungs

  • Consists of 12 pairs of ribs along with their costal cartilages and the sternum

  • Ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

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True ribs

-Ribs 1-7

-Attached to the front of the sternum

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False ribs

-Ribs 8-12

-Attached to cartilage joining the sternum

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Floating ribs

-Ribs 11-12

-Not attached to the front of the sternum

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Sternum

-Breast bone

-Upper portion is called the manubrium

-Lower portion is called the xiphoid process

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Appendicular skeleton

-126 bones

-Bones of the upper limbs, lower limbs and pelvic region

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Pectoral girdle

-Scapula: shoulder blades

-Clavicle: connects sternum to scapula

-Acromion: extension forming the bony point of shoulder

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Bones of the arm

  • Humerus

    • Upper arm bone

  • Radius

    • Runs thumb-side of forearm

  • Ulna 

    • Runs on the side of the little finger

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Bones of the wrist and hand

  • Carpals

    • Wrist bones

  • Metacarpals

    • Bones in the palm of hand

  • Phalanges 

    • Finger bones

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Bones of the pelvic region

-Pelvic girdle

-Pelvis

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Pelvic girdle

-Also known as the hip or coxal bone

-Funnel shape in males

-Shaped like a basin in females to make room for the fetus

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Bones of the pelvic girdle

-Ilium: largest part

-Ischium: lower portion

-Pubis: anterior portion

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Pelvis

Formed by the left and right hip bones, sacrum and coccyx

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Acetabulum

Large socket in the pelvic bones that holds the head of the femur

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Bones of the leg

Femur, patella, tibia and fibula

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Femur

-Thigh bone or upper leg bone

-Longest and strongest bone

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Tibia

  • Shin bone

  • Medial bone

  • Main weight-bearing bone of the leg

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Fibula

  • Slender bone of the lateral side

  • Does not bear weight 

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Bones of the ankle & feet

Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges, Calcaneous, Talus and Malleous

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Malleous

Bony protrusions of ankle bones

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Talus

Superior ankle bone

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Calcaneous

Heel bones

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Metatarsals

Bones of the foot

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Yellow bone marrow

Contains adipose tissue which can be used as energy source

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Articulations

The area where bones meet bones or cartilage

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Synarthrosis

Joints which allow no movement (skull)

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Amphiarthrosis

Joints which allow some movement

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Diarthrosis

Joints which allow free movement

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Ligaments

Tough, elastic connective tissue that connects bone to bone

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Tendons

Fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

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Bursa

  • Closed, fluid-filled sacs

  • Function as a cushion

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Meniscus

C-shaped cartilage that acts as shock absorbers between bones

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Flexion

-Refers to the anterior (forward) bending of the neck or body

-Decreases the angle between bones (bending of the joint)

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Extension

-A posterior-directed motion, such as straightening from a flexed position or bending backward

-Extension increases the angle between bones (straightening of the joint)

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Abduction

Raising the arm at the shoulder joint, moving it laterally away from the body

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Adduction

Bringing the arm down to the side of the body

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Inversion

Turning the foot so that the bottom is facing toward the midline

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Eversion

Turning the bottom of the foot away from the midline

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Protraction

Anterior/forward movement of the scapula or mandible

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Retraction

Posterior/backward movement of the scapula or mandible

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Osteoporosis

Causes bones to become weak and thin over time

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Osteoarthritis

-Most common form of arthritis

-Breakdown of cartilage and bone that occurs when joints are exposed to heavy workloads

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Rheumatoid arthritis

-Autoimmune disease

-Inflammation to joints of the hands, wrists and knees

-Affects organs including the lungs, heart and eyes

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Gout

-Inflammatory arthritis 

-Immune system attacks crystals that form when uric acid collects in a joint

-Most common in the lower extremities, most often affecting the big toe

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Myasthenia gravis

Chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that causes weakness in the skeletal muscle

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Osteomyelitis

Bone infection caused by staphylococcus bacteria

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Kyphosis

  • “Humpback”

  • Excess posterior curvature of the thoracic region

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Lordosis

  • “Swayback”

  • Excess anterior curvature of the lumbar region

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Scoliosis

Abnormal lateral curvature

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Crepitation (crepitus)

Creaking/popping sound heard when fractured bones move against each other

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Simple fracture

Broken bone that does not protrude the skin

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Compound fracture

-Also called open fracture

-Broken bone that does pierce through the skin

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Transverse fracture

Bone is broken straight across

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Spiral fracture

Bone has twisted apart

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Communited fracture

Bones are crushed into pieces

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Impacted fracture

One fragment is driven into the other

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Greenstick fracture

-Bones are partially broken

-Occurs mainly in children

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Oblique fracture

Bones are broken at an angle

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Colles fracture

Occurs at the wrist or radius

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Stress fracture

Small crack in bone

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Osteoblast

Developing bone cell

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Osteosarcoma

  • Most common type of bone cancer

  • Starts in the tissues of growing bones

  • Found in children, teens and young adults

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Ewing sarcomas

  • Found in children, teens and young adults

  • More aggressive because it metastasizes quickly

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Chondrosarcoma

Develops in cells that produce cartilage and affects adults