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Axial skeleton
-Forms the vertical, central axis of the body
-Includes all bones of the head, neck, chest and back
-80 bones including the skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage
Cranium
-Formed by 22 bones
-Subdivided into bones of the skull and bones of the face
Frontal bone
-Bone of the skull
-Forms the forehead
Parietal bone
-Bone of the skull
-Upper lateral sides of the cranium
Occipital bone
-Bone of the skull
-Posterior skull and base of cranial cavity
Temporal bone
-Bone of the skull
-Lower lateral sides of the cranium
Sphenoid bone
-Bone of the skull
-Keystone bone forming part of the base of the skull and eye sockets
Ethmoid bone
-Bone of the skull
-Forms part of the nose, orbit and base of the cranium
Auditory ossicles
-Bone of the skull
-Small bones of the middle ear
External auditory meatus
External opening of the ear and temporal bone
Zygomatic bone
-Bone of the face
-Cheekbone
Maxillary bone
-Bone of the face
-Upper jaw and hard palate
Palatine bone
-Bone of the face
-Lateral walls of the nose
Lacrimal bone
-Bone of the face
-Walls of the orbit
Inferior conchae
-Bone of the face
-Lower lateral walls of nasal cavity
Vomer bone
-Bone of the face
-Separates left and right nasal cavity
What is the only movable bone of the skull?
Mandible
Hyoid bone
-Bone of the face
-Found between the mandible and larynx, not connected to other bones
Vertebral column
-Protects the spinal cord
-Consists of 24 vertebrae separated and united by an intervertebral disc
Cervical vertebrae
First 7 vertebrae in the neck region
Thoracic vertebrae
-T1-T12
-Forms outward curvature of the spine
Lumbar vertebrae
L1-L5
Forms inner curvature of the spine
Sacrum
Triangular-shaped bone found at the base of the spine
Coccyx
tailbone
Thoracic cavity
Protects heart and lungs
Consists of 12 pairs of ribs along with their costal cartilages and the sternum
Ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
True ribs
-Ribs 1-7
-Attached to the front of the sternum
False ribs
-Ribs 8-12
-Attached to cartilage joining the sternum
Floating ribs
-Ribs 11-12
-Not attached to the front of the sternum
Sternum
-Breast bone
-Upper portion is called the manubrium
-Lower portion is called the xiphoid process
Appendicular skeleton
-126 bones
-Bones of the upper limbs, lower limbs and pelvic region
Pectoral girdle
-Scapula: shoulder blades
-Clavicle: connects sternum to scapula
-Acromion: extension forming the bony point of shoulder
Bones of the arm
Humerus
Upper arm bone
Radius
Runs thumb-side of forearm
Ulna
Runs on the side of the little finger
Bones of the wrist and hand
Carpals
Wrist bones
Metacarpals
Bones in the palm of hand
Phalanges
Finger bones
Bones of the pelvic region
-Pelvic girdle
-Pelvis
Pelvic girdle
-Also known as the hip or coxal bone
-Funnel shape in males
-Shaped like a basin in females to make room for the fetus
Bones of the pelvic girdle
-Ilium: largest part
-Ischium: lower portion
-Pubis: anterior portion
Pelvis
Formed by the left and right hip bones, sacrum and coccyx
Acetabulum
Large socket in the pelvic bones that holds the head of the femur
Bones of the leg
Femur, patella, tibia and fibula
Femur
-Thigh bone or upper leg bone
-Longest and strongest bone
Tibia
Shin bone
Medial bone
Main weight-bearing bone of the leg
Fibula
Slender bone of the lateral side
Does not bear weight
Bones of the ankle & feet
Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges, Calcaneous, Talus and Malleous
Malleous
Bony protrusions of ankle bones
Talus
Superior ankle bone
Calcaneous
Heel bones
Metatarsals
Bones of the foot
Yellow bone marrow
Contains adipose tissue which can be used as energy source
Articulations
The area where bones meet bones or cartilage
Synarthrosis
Joints which allow no movement (skull)
Amphiarthrosis
Joints which allow some movement
Diarthrosis
Joints which allow free movement
Ligaments
Tough, elastic connective tissue that connects bone to bone
Tendons
Fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
Bursa
Closed, fluid-filled sacs
Function as a cushion
Meniscus
C-shaped cartilage that acts as shock absorbers between bones
Flexion
-Refers to the anterior (forward) bending of the neck or body
-Decreases the angle between bones (bending of the joint)
Extension
-A posterior-directed motion, such as straightening from a flexed position or bending backward
-Extension increases the angle between bones (straightening of the joint)
Abduction
Raising the arm at the shoulder joint, moving it laterally away from the body
Adduction
Bringing the arm down to the side of the body
Inversion
Turning the foot so that the bottom is facing toward the midline
Eversion
Turning the bottom of the foot away from the midline
Protraction
Anterior/forward movement of the scapula or mandible
Retraction
Posterior/backward movement of the scapula or mandible
Osteoporosis
Causes bones to become weak and thin over time
Osteoarthritis
-Most common form of arthritis
-Breakdown of cartilage and bone that occurs when joints are exposed to heavy workloads
Rheumatoid arthritis
-Autoimmune disease
-Inflammation to joints of the hands, wrists and knees
-Affects organs including the lungs, heart and eyes
Gout
-Inflammatory arthritis
-Immune system attacks crystals that form when uric acid collects in a joint
-Most common in the lower extremities, most often affecting the big toe
Myasthenia gravis
Chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that causes weakness in the skeletal muscle
Osteomyelitis
Bone infection caused by staphylococcus bacteria
Kyphosis
“Humpback”
Excess posterior curvature of the thoracic region
Lordosis
“Swayback”
Excess anterior curvature of the lumbar region
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature
Crepitation (crepitus)
Creaking/popping sound heard when fractured bones move against each other
Simple fracture
Broken bone that does not protrude the skin
Compound fracture
-Also called open fracture
-Broken bone that does pierce through the skin
Transverse fracture
Bone is broken straight across
Spiral fracture
Bone has twisted apart
Communited fracture
Bones are crushed into pieces
Impacted fracture
One fragment is driven into the other
Greenstick fracture
-Bones are partially broken
-Occurs mainly in children
Oblique fracture
Bones are broken at an angle
Colles fracture
Occurs at the wrist or radius
Stress fracture
Small crack in bone
Osteoblast
Developing bone cell
Osteosarcoma
Most common type of bone cancer
Starts in the tissues of growing bones
Found in children, teens and young adults
Ewing sarcomas
Found in children, teens and young adults
More aggressive because it metastasizes quickly
Chondrosarcoma
Develops in cells that produce cartilage and affects adults