Studied by 10 peopleErnst Ravenstein
________ concluded that there are factors that "push "and "pull "people to and from any given location.
Technology
________ has transformed migration is a myriad of ways, both negative and positive.
Mobility
All types of movement from one location to another, whether temporary or permanent or over short or long distances
Greater access
________ to reproductive health care promotes empowerment, and the urban lifestyle offers women some independence from their families, which might allow them to escape some of the traditional restrictions placed on them.
Circulation
Temporary, repetitive movements that recur on a regular basis
Human migration
The permanent movement of people from one place to another
Scientific evidence
________ indicates that climate change contributes to crop failure and water scarcity, intensifies storms, and causes sea levels to rise, displacing people from their homes around the world.
Emigration
Movement away from a location
Immigration
Movement into a location
Net migration
The difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location, such as a city or a country
female immigrants
In general, ________ are more vulnerable to and targeted for violence, human trafficking, and sexual discrimination than males.
Gravity model
A model that predicts the interaction between two or more places; geographers derived the model from Newton’s law of universal gravitation
promises of peace
Historically, the ________ and freedom have served as compelling pull factors for countless migrants.
Push factor
A negative cause that compels someone to leave a location
environmental conditions
Changes in ________- floods, drought, volcanic eruptions- have always spurred migrations.
Pull factor
A positive cause that attracts someone to a new location
Voluntary Migration
Type of migration in which people make the choice to move to a new place
Forced Migration
Type of migration in which people are compelled to move by economic, political, environmental, or cultural factors
Remittances
________ help those in the country of origin greatly.
Transnational migration
International migration in which people retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties with their countries of origin
Internal migration
Movement within a country’s borders
Friction of Distance
A concept that states that the longer a journey is, the more time, effort, and cost it will involve
European Unions early 21st century refugee crisis
The ________ was worsened by a policy requiring asylum seekers to remain in the first EU country they entered and stay there to apply for asylum.
Transhumance
The movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter
Chain migration
Type of migration in which people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there
Step migration
Series of smaller moves to get to the ultimate destination
asylum seeker
Once a(n) ________ is approved for refugee status, the host country is expected to provide civil rights, the right to work, and access to social services.
Intervening obstacle
An occurrence that holds migrants back
UN
Originally, the ________ defined refugees as people who leave their home countries out of fear of persecution.
Adverse physical
________ conditions, including intense heat, drought, or substantial flooding, can push people from affected regions.
Intervening opportunity
An occurrence that causes migrants to pause their journey by choice
U.S.
________ policy and government action have influenced a number of important migrations in American history.
Misinformation
________ on the internet is also a factor, however, and can be problematic for finding safe passage and knowing who to rely on when in a new community.
Guest workers
A migrant who travels to a new country as temporary labor
Circular migration
Migration pattern in which migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work temporary jobs
Refugees
A person who is forced to leave his or her country for fear of persecution or death
Asylum
The right to protection in a country
Asylum seeker
A migrant seeking refugee status
Internally displaced persons
Person who has been forced to flee his or her home but remains within the country’s borders
African Americans
Between 1916 and 1970, more than 6 million ________ moved from the South to industrialized cities in the Northeast, Midwest, and West.
Long distance migrations
________ can be dangerous, time consuming, and demanding.
Human trafficking
Defined by the United Nations as “the recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion)”
Repatriate
To return to one’s home country
Interregional migration
Movement from one region of the country to another
Cultural reasons
________ for migration are often push factors involving discrimination, persecution, and political instability resulting from cultural diversity.
Intraregional migration
Movement within one region of the country
Quotas
Limit on the number of immigrants allowed into the country each year
Kinship links
Networks of relatives and friends
Immigrants
________ who are educated or skilled are often willing to work for less pay than native citizens.
Skill gap
A shortage of people trained in a particular industry
Mobility
All types of movement from one location to another, whether temporary or permanent or over short or long distances
Circulation
Temporary, repetitive movements that recur on a regular basis
Human migration
The permanent movement of people from one place to another
Emigration
Movement away from a location
Immigration
Movement into a location
Net migration
The difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location, such as a city or a country
Gravity model
A model that predicts the interaction between two or more places; geographers derived the model from Newtons law of universal gravitation
Push factor
A negative cause that compels someone to leave a location
Pull factor
A positive cause that attracts someone to a new location
Voluntary Migration
Type of migration in which people make the choice to move to a new place
Forced Migration
Type of migration in which people are compelled to move by economic, political, environmental, or cultural factors
Transnational migration
International migration in which people retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties with their countries of origin
Internal migration
Movement within a countrys borders
Friction of Distance
A concept that states that the longer a journey is, the more time, effort, and cost it will involve
Transhumance
The movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter
Chain migration
Type of migration in which people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there
Intervening opportunity
An occurrence that causes migrants to pause their journey by choice
Guest workers
A migrant who travels to a new country as temporary labor
Circular migration
Migration pattern in which migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work temporary jobs
Refugees
A person who is forced to leave his or her country for fear of persecution or death
Asylum
The right to protection in a country
Asylum seeker
A migrant seeking refugee status
Internally displaced persons
Person who has been forced to flee his or her home but remains within the countrys borders
Human trafficking
Defined by the United Nations as "the recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion)"
Repatriate
To return to ones home country
But as climate change intensifies these effects, a new category of migrant has emerged
climate refugees
NOTE
The following U.S.-specific examples act as applications of the discussed topics
Interregional migration
Movement from one region of the country to another
Intraregional migration
Movement within one region of the country
Strong push factors moved African Americans away from the south
Racial prejudice, discrimination, violence and murder, segregation and Jim Crow laws
Quotas
Limit on the number of immigrants allowed into the country each year
Kinship links
Networks of relatives and friends
Remember
People tend to move from less economically developed countries to more developed
Skill gap
a shortage of people trained in a particular industry
Remittances
Money earned by an emigrant abroad and sent back to his or her home country
Brain drain
The loss of trained or educated people to the lure of work in another-often richer-country
Immigrants bring aspects of their culture with them
Music, literature, fashion, religion, language, etc
Relocation diffusion
The spread of culture traits through the movement of people
The topic can lead to conflict over pro
or anit-immigrant beliefs
The effect on the dependency ratio is the opposite of receiving countries
As working-age people, leave children and the elderly are left behind with few to support them
Remittances
Money earned by an emigrant abroad and sent back to his or her home country
Brain drain
The loss of trained or educated people to the lure of work in another—often richer—country
Relocation diffusion
The spread of culture traits through the movement of people
Note 
Flashcard (31)