Chapter 5 | Migration

Ernst Ravenstein

________ concluded that there are factors that "push "and "pull "people to and from any given location.

Technology

________ has transformed migration is a myriad of ways, both negative and positive.

Mobility

All types of movement from one location to another, whether temporary or permanent or over short or long distances

Greater access

________ to reproductive health care promotes empowerment, and the urban lifestyle offers women some independence from their families, which might allow them to escape some of the traditional restrictions placed on them.

Circulation

Temporary, repetitive movements that recur on a regular basis

Human migration

The permanent movement of people from one place to another

Scientific evidence

________ indicates that climate change contributes to crop failure and water scarcity, intensifies storms, and causes sea levels to rise, displacing people from their homes around the world.

Emigration

Movement away from a location

Immigration

Movement into a location

Net migration

The difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location, such as a city or a country

female immigrants

In general, ________ are more vulnerable to and targeted for violence, human trafficking, and sexual discrimination than males.

Gravity model

A model that predicts the interaction between two or more places; geographers derived the model from Newton’s law of universal gravitation

promises of peace

Historically, the ________ and freedom have served as compelling pull factors for countless migrants.

Push factor

A negative cause that compels someone to leave a location

environmental conditions

Changes in ________- floods, drought, volcanic eruptions- have always spurred migrations.

Pull factor

A positive cause that attracts someone to a new location

Voluntary Migration

Type of migration in which people make the choice to move to a new place

Forced Migration

Type of migration in which people are compelled to move by economic, political, environmental, or cultural factors

Remittances

________ help those in the country of origin greatly.

Transnational migration

International migration in which people retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties with their countries of origin

Internal migration

Movement within a country’s borders

Friction of Distance

A concept that states that the longer a journey is, the more time, effort, and cost it will involve

European Unions early 21st century refugee crisis

The ________ was worsened by a policy requiring asylum seekers to remain in the first EU country they entered and stay there to apply for asylum.

Transhumance

The movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter

Chain migration

Type of migration in which people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there

Step migration

Series of smaller moves to get to the ultimate destination

asylum seeker

Once a(n) ________ is approved for refugee status, the host country is expected to provide civil rights, the right to work, and access to social services.

Intervening obstacle

An occurrence that holds migrants back

UN

Originally, the ________ defined refugees as people who leave their home countries out of fear of persecution.

Adverse physical

________ conditions, including intense heat, drought, or substantial flooding, can push people from affected regions.

Intervening opportunity

An occurrence that causes migrants to pause their journey by choice

U.S.

________ policy and government action have influenced a number of important migrations in American history.

Misinformation

________ on the internet is also a factor, however, and can be problematic for finding safe passage and knowing who to rely on when in a new community.

Guest workers

A migrant who travels to a new country as temporary labor

Circular migration

Migration pattern in which migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work temporary jobs

Refugees

A person who is forced to leave his or her country for fear of persecution or death

Asylum

The right to protection in a country

Asylum seeker

A migrant seeking refugee status

Internally displaced persons

Person who has been forced to flee his or her home but remains within the country’s borders

African Americans

Between 1916 and 1970, more than 6 million ________ moved from the South to industrialized cities in the Northeast, Midwest, and West.

Long distance migrations

________ can be dangerous, time consuming, and demanding.

Human trafficking

Defined by the United Nations as “the recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion)”

Repatriate

To return to one’s home country

Interregional migration

Movement from one region of the country to another

Cultural reasons

________ for migration are often push factors involving discrimination, persecution, and political instability resulting from cultural diversity.

Intraregional migration

Movement within one region of the country

Quotas

Limit on the number of immigrants allowed into the country each year

Kinship links

Networks of relatives and friends

Immigrants

________ who are educated or skilled are often willing to work for less pay than native citizens.

Skill gap

A shortage of people trained in a particular industry

Mobility

All types of movement from one location to another, whether temporary or permanent or over short or long distances

Circulation

Temporary, repetitive movements that recur on a regular basis

Human migration

The permanent movement of people from one place to another

Emigration

Movement away from a location

Immigration

Movement into a location

Net migration

The difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location, such as a city or a country

Gravity model

A model that predicts the interaction between two or more places; geographers derived the model from Newtons law of universal gravitation

Push factor

A negative cause that compels someone to leave a location

Pull factor

A positive cause that attracts someone to a new location

Voluntary Migration

Type of migration in which people make the choice to move to a new place

Forced Migration

Type of migration in which people are compelled to move by economic, political, environmental, or cultural factors

Transnational migration

International migration in which people retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties with their countries of origin

Internal migration

Movement within a countrys borders

Friction of Distance

A concept that states that the longer a journey is, the more time, effort, and cost it will involve

Transhumance

The movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter

Chain migration

Type of migration in which people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there

Intervening opportunity

An occurrence that causes migrants to pause their journey by choice

Guest workers

A migrant who travels to a new country as temporary labor

Circular migration

Migration pattern in which migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work temporary jobs

Refugees

A person who is forced to leave his or her country for fear of persecution or death

Asylum

The right to protection in a country

Asylum seeker

A migrant seeking refugee status

Internally displaced persons

Person who has been forced to flee his or her home but remains within the countrys borders

Human trafficking

Defined by the United Nations as "the recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion)"

Repatriate

To return to ones home country

But as climate change intensifies these effects, a new category of migrant has emerged

climate refugees

NOTE

The following U.S.-specific examples act as applications of the discussed topics

Interregional migration

Movement from one region of the country to another

Intraregional migration

Movement within one region of the country

Strong push factors moved African Americans away from the south

Racial prejudice, discrimination, violence and murder, segregation and Jim Crow laws

Quotas

Limit on the number of immigrants allowed into the country each year

Kinship links

Networks of relatives and friends

Remember

People tend to move from less economically developed countries to more developed

Skill gap

a shortage of people trained in a particular industry

Remittances

Money earned by an emigrant abroad and sent back to his or her home country

Brain drain

The loss of trained or educated people to the lure of work in another-often richer-country

Immigrants bring aspects of their culture with them

Music, literature, fashion, religion, language, etc

Relocation diffusion

The spread of culture traits through the movement of people

The topic can lead to conflict over pro

or anit-immigrant beliefs

The effect on the dependency ratio is the opposite of receiving countries

As working-age people, leave children and the elderly are left behind with few to support them

Remittances

Money earned by an emigrant abroad and sent back to his or her home country

Brain drain

The loss of trained or educated people to the lure of work in another—often richer—country

Relocation diffusion

The spread of culture traits through the movement of people