________ concluded that there are factors that "push "and "pull "people to and from any given location.
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Technology
________ has transformed migration is a myriad of ways, both negative and positive.
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Mobility
All types of movement from one location to another, whether temporary or permanent or over short or long distances
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Greater access
________ to reproductive health care promotes empowerment, and the urban lifestyle offers women some independence from their families, which might allow them to escape some of the traditional restrictions placed on them.
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Circulation
Temporary, repetitive movements that recur on a regular basis
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Human migration
The permanent movement of people from one place to another
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Scientific evidence
________ indicates that climate change contributes to crop failure and water scarcity, intensifies storms, and causes sea levels to rise, displacing people from their homes around the world.
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Emigration
Movement away from a location
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Immigration
Movement into a location
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Net migration
The difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location, such as a city or a country
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female immigrants
In general, ________ are more vulnerable to and targeted for violence, human trafficking, and sexual discrimination than males.
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Gravity model
A model that predicts the interaction between two or more places; geographers derived the model from Newton’s law of universal gravitation
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promises of peace
Historically, the ________ and freedom have served as compelling pull factors for countless migrants.
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Push factor
A negative cause that compels someone to leave a location
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environmental conditions
Changes in ________- floods, drought, volcanic eruptions- have always spurred migrations.
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Pull factor
A positive cause that attracts someone to a new location
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Voluntary Migration
Type of migration in which people make the choice to move to a new place
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Forced Migration
Type of migration in which people are compelled to move by economic, political, environmental, or cultural factors
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Remittances
________ help those in the country of origin greatly.
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Transnational migration
International migration in which people retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties with their countries of origin
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Internal migration
Movement within a country’s borders
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Friction of Distance
A concept that states that the longer a journey is, the more time, effort, and cost it will involve
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European Unions early 21st century refugee crisis
The ________ was worsened by a policy requiring asylum seekers to remain in the first EU country they entered and stay there to apply for asylum.
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Transhumance
The movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter
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Chain migration
Type of migration in which people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there
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Step migration
Series of smaller moves to get to the ultimate destination
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asylum seeker
Once a(n) ________ is approved for refugee status, the host country is expected to provide civil rights, the right to work, and access to social services.
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Intervening obstacle
An occurrence that holds migrants back
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UN
Originally, the ________ defined refugees as people who leave their home countries out of fear of persecution.
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Adverse physical
________ conditions, including intense heat, drought, or substantial flooding, can push people from affected regions.
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Intervening opportunity
An occurrence that causes migrants to pause their journey by choice
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U.S.
________ policy and government action have influenced a number of important migrations in American history.
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Misinformation
________ on the internet is also a factor, however, and can be problematic for finding safe passage and knowing who to rely on when in a new community.
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Guest workers
A migrant who travels to a new country as temporary labor
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Circular migration
Migration pattern in which migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work temporary jobs
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Refugees
A person who is forced to leave his or her country for fear of persecution or death
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Asylum
The right to protection in a country
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Asylum seeker
A migrant seeking refugee status
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Internally displaced persons
Person who has been forced to flee his or her home but remains within the country’s borders
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African Americans
Between 1916 and 1970, more than 6 million ________ moved from the South to industrialized cities in the Northeast, Midwest, and West.
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Long distance migrations
________ can be dangerous, time consuming, and demanding.
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Human trafficking
Defined by the United Nations as “the recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion)”
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Repatriate
To return to one’s home country
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Interregional migration
Movement from one region of the country to another
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Cultural reasons
________ for migration are often push factors involving discrimination, persecution, and political instability resulting from cultural diversity.
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Intraregional migration
Movement within one region of the country
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Quotas
Limit on the number of immigrants allowed into the country each year
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Kinship links
Networks of relatives and friends
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Immigrants
________ who are educated or skilled are often willing to work for less pay than native citizens.
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Skill gap
A shortage of people trained in a particular industry
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Mobility
All types of movement from one location to another, whether temporary or permanent or over short or long distances
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Circulation
Temporary, repetitive movements that recur on a regular basis
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Human migration
The permanent movement of people from one place to another
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Emigration
Movement away from a location
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Immigration
Movement into a location
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Net migration
The difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location, such as a city or a country
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Gravity model
A model that predicts the interaction between two or more places; geographers derived the model from Newtons law of universal gravitation
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Push factor
A negative cause that compels someone to leave a location
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Pull factor
A positive cause that attracts someone to a new location
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Voluntary Migration
Type of migration in which people make the choice to move to a new place
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Forced Migration
Type of migration in which people are compelled to move by economic, political, environmental, or cultural factors
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Transnational migration
International migration in which people retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties with their countries of origin
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Internal migration
Movement within a countrys borders
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Friction of Distance
A concept that states that the longer a journey is, the more time, effort, and cost it will involve
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Transhumance
The movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter
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Chain migration
Type of migration in which people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there
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Intervening opportunity
An occurrence that causes migrants to pause their journey by choice
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Guest workers
A migrant who travels to a new country as temporary labor
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Circular migration
Migration pattern in which migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work temporary jobs
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Refugees
A person who is forced to leave his or her country for fear of persecution or death
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Asylum
The right to protection in a country
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Asylum seeker
A migrant seeking refugee status
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Internally displaced persons
Person who has been forced to flee his or her home but remains within the countrys borders
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Human trafficking
Defined by the United Nations as "the recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion)"
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Repatriate
To return to ones home country
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But as climate change intensifies these effects, a new category of migrant has emerged
climate refugees
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NOTE
The following U.S.-specific examples act as applications of the discussed topics
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Interregional migration
Movement from one region of the country to another
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Intraregional migration
Movement within one region of the country
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Strong push factors moved African Americans away from the south
Racial prejudice, discrimination, violence and murder, segregation and Jim Crow laws
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Quotas
Limit on the number of immigrants allowed into the country each year
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Kinship links
Networks of relatives and friends
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Remember
People tend to move from less economically developed countries to more developed
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Skill gap
a shortage of people trained in a particular industry
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Remittances
Money earned by an emigrant abroad and sent back to his or her home country
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Brain drain
The loss of trained or educated people to the lure of work in another-often richer-country
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Immigrants bring aspects of their culture with them
Studied by 10 people
