AP Lang Second Quarter Assesment

Hasty Generalization

A conclusion that is reached on insufficient or biased evidence, leading to a sweeping statement that may not be accurate.

Faulty Use of Authority

A logical fallacy where an argument relies on the opinion of someone deemed an authority, but who may not be a credible expert in the relevant field.

Post Hoc

A logical fallacy that assumes a cause-and-effect relationship between two events simply because one follows the other in time.

False Analogy

A logical fallacy that compares two things that are not truly comparable, leading to misleading conclusions based on superficial similarities.

Ad Hominem

A logical fallacy that attacks an opponent's character or personal traits instead of engaging with their argument or position.

False Dilemma

A logical fallacy that presents a situation as having only two possible alternatives, ignoring other viable options.

Slippery Slope

A logical fallacy that suggests a relatively small first step will inevitably lead to a chain of related events culminating in a significant impact, often with negative consequences.

Begging the Question

A logical fallacy in which an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion instead of supporting it, often leading to circular reasoning.

Straw Man

A logical fallacy that misrepresents an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack or refute, rather than engaging with the actual argument.

Two Wrongs Make a Right

A logical fallacy that asserts if one wrong is committed, it is acceptable to commit another wrong as a form of justification or defense.

Non Sequitur

A logical fallacy where a conclusion does not logically follow from the premises, often leading to irrelevant arguments.

Ad Populum

A logical fallacy that appeals to the emotions and prejudices of a group, rather than presenting a logical argument. It suggests that a proposition is true because many people believe it to be true.

Appeal to Tradition

A logical fallacy that argues a practice or belief is correct simply because it has been traditionally upheld or practiced over time.

Faulty Emotional Appeal

A logical fallacy that manipulates emotions to win an argument, rather than using valid reasoning. It often relies on fear, pity, or other emotions to sway opinions.

 mov, mot, mob

Latin roots meaning "to move" or "motion".

 nov

Latin root meaning "new".

omni

Latin root meaning "all" or "every".

ped

Latin root meaning "foot".

pon, posit

Latin roots meaning "to place" or "to put".

port, portat

Latin roots meaning "to carry".

prim

Root meaning “First”

Reg

Root meaning “"rule”

rupt

Root meaning “break”

sanct

Root meaning "holy"

Scrib, script

Root meaning "write"

Seg, sect

Root meaning “Cut”

Sequ, secut

Root meaning “Follow”

Sign

Root meaning “sign”

Sol

Root meaning “Alone”

Son

Root meaning “Sound”

Spec, Spect

Root meaning “look”

Spir, Spirat

Root meaning “Breathe”

Tempor

Root meaning “Time”

Terra

Root meaning “Earth”

Antithesis

rhetorical device in which two ideas are directly opposed. The opposing ideas must be presented in a grammatically parallel way, which creates rhetorical balance.

Apostrophe

the speaker directly addresses a person who is dead or otherwise not physically present, imaginary, something non-human, a place or object.

Chiasmus

rhetorical device in which certain words, sounds, concepts, or syntactic structures are reversed or repeated in reversed order.

Paralellism

 rhetorical device used to accentuate or emphasize ideas or images by using grammatically similar constructions (words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs.)

Zeugma

 rhetorical device in which some word or phrase governs or is otherwise related to two or more different words or phrases, but in a strikingly different way.

Syllepsis

grammatically correct zeugma.

Paradox

a statement that seems self-contradictory or nonsensical on the surface, but upon close examination, may be seen to contain an underlying truth. A paradox is used to provoke the reader into seeing something in a new way.

Polysyndeton

rhetorical device in which the writer creates a series of words or phrases or clauses connected only by conjunctions and not by commas.

Asyndeton

rhetorical device in which the write creates a series of Negwords, phrases, clauses connected only by commas and not by conjunctions.

Negative-Positive

rhetorical device in which the writer first tells what is not, then tells what is.

Elliptical Construction

rhetorical device in which a writer omits from one clause      information that is present in a preceding clause – the reader must supply the omitted information.

Adjective Clause

 usually introduced by a relative pronoun: who, whom, whose, whoever, whomever, that, which. Sometimes – where, when, or why. 

example: The snow that fell all night covered the town as it slept.

Adverb Clause

behaves like a one-word adverb.

Cause: as, because, inasmuch as, now that, since 

Since the snow fell all night, the town was covered by morning. 

Comparison: as, as if, more than, rather than 

The snow fell faster than it usually did. 

Noun Clause

behaves like a noun, introduced by a relative pronoun 

Examples: I believe that the snow has fallen. (direct object) 

That the snow fell here is a geographical oddity. (subject) We can attribute the school's opening to whomever salted the streets. (object of preposition).

Periodic Sentence

a sentence that does not become grammatically or syntactically complete until the main idea is revealed in the independent clause. The independent clause is preceded by any number of subordinating (dependent) clauses or phrases. 

Loose Sentence

a sentence whose main idea is revealed in the independent clause which begins the sentence. The independent clause is followed by any number of subordinating (dependent) clauses or phrases. 

Balanced Sentence

 a sentence that expresses parallel or like ideas in two or more grammatically balanced parts. These sentences are designed to convey the equal weight of each idea.

Participles

verb forms that function as adjectives

Past Participle

end in -ed, -d, -t, or –en

Ex. Hey! My pants are ripped.

Present Participle

end in –ing

Ex. We had quite a ripping time the other night.

Past Perfect Participle

 Ex. Having ripped the tag off the cushion, I had to purchase the whole sofa.

Gerund

the –ing form of a verb that acts as a noun, so the gerund can be a subject, direct object, indirect object, predicate nominative, object of preposition, or an appositive