psychology of women and gender final

social support

a feeling of being cared for and having support and assistance from people around us, including families, friends and romantic partners

informational social support

advice, suggestions, and information

instrumental social support

occurs when you gain something more tangible from your family and friends-money, gifts, services

emotional social support

expressions of concern, empathy, positive regard-being cared for by others

tend-and-befriend coping strategy

nurturing and protecting others in times of stress and developing social networks that facilitate these patterns

co-rumination

extensively discussing and self-disclosing emotional problems with another person

relational aggression

an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing

identity based bullying

directed toward people who are actual or perceived members of a devalued social group because of that group membership

dating scripts

descriptions of normal behaviors and are overwhelmingly heteronormative

consensually non monogamous 1) polygamy

2) polyamorous

1) one husband with many wives

2) each partner may have other partners

principle of least interest

the person who wants a relationship less has greater power within that relationship

routine labor( low control labor)

chores that the person doing has little say over when and where it gets done

intermittent labor

only labor done occasionally and has leeway as to when they need it done

second shift

the double burden/ work outside the home followed by child care and housework- that many women face and few men share equitably

emotional work

tasks making other people feel love and cared for

relative resource theory

the person who brings more resources to the relationship gets to use those resources in order to avoid doing chores

time availability

holds that the person with most available time should do a larger amount of housework

gender deviance neutralization

the idea that when people act in a way that's gender atypical in one domain, they overcompensate by acting in a gender-stereotypical way in another domain

the culture of romance

Idealized and unrealistic beliefs about love and romance are common and that are perpetuated through media-dating scripts

stratified reproduction

Access and services based on socio-economic position. Wealthy utilizing assistive reproductive technologies to get pregnant. Poor women critiqued for having 'too many children'.

voluntary childlessness

the conscious choice to remain childless

motherhood mandate

strong pressures in our society to have children

post abortion syndrome

the depression one sometimes has after having an abortion

infertility

the inability to conceive a child

Assistive Reproductive Technology (ART)

a general term for the techniques designed to help infertile couples conceive and then sustain a pregnancy

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization

Surrogacy

An arrangement whereby a woman bears a child on behalf of another woman

miscarriage

The death of an embryo or fetus in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy

stillbirth

the birth of a fetus that died before, or during, the delivery

baby blues

a mild postpartum mood disorder that goes away on its own

post partum depression

depression that occurs after the birth of a child

post partum anxiety

feelings after the birth of a child that include worry, a sense of dread, obsessive checking, difficulty sleeping, and other physical symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, and headaches

maternal gatekeeping

a mother's behavior that encourages or discourages a father's involvement in family matters

mother blaming

When mothers are accused of causing problems in their children

intensive parenting

women are supposed to live up to the ideal of, being essentially a helicopter parent

attachment parenting

A caregiving approach stressing the value of prolonged breast feeding, continuous "skin to skin" contact, and other strategies designed to promote intense parent-child bonding during the early years of life.

reproductive justice

many women who are less privileged have limited choices about whether or how to parent-the reproductive justice movement supports the ability of all women to be able to make informed choices about motherhood

horizontal occupational gender segregation

the tendency of men and women to cluster into different professions

vertical occupational gender segregation

the tendency for men to hold positions with higher status, authority, and pay than women within any given field

comparable worth

the issue raised when women who hold traditionally female jobs are paid less than men for working at jobs requiring comparable skill

motherhood wage penalty

women with children earn significantly less than childless women, even when they have comparable education, work experience, and job characteristics

glass ceiling

an invisible limit on women's climb up the occupational ladder

sticky floor

social forces that keep the majority of the world's women stuck in low-paid jobs

"think manager-think male" bias

the idea that the traits many people associate with leadership are agentic ones that are also associated with masculinity

transformational leader

a leader who is able to instill in the members of a group a sense of mission or higher purpose, thereby changing the nature of the group itself

networking

A way of making and using contacts to get job information and advice-problem for women, takes place is informal settings which are unfriendly to women

mentor

a person with more experience who can help and guide a person with less experience in jobs

sponsor

someone who advocates for a person in order to help that individual get a job or a promotion

amplification

making a comment in a meeting and another woman repeats the idea and gives credit to the original speaker

glass cliff

situation that women confront in which their leadership position is precarious

quid pro quo harassment

Type of sexual harassment that occurs when an employee is forced to choose between giving in to a superior's sexual demands and forfeiting an economic benefit such as a pay increase, a promotion, or continued employment.

hostile work environment

occurs when the atmosphere at work is hostile, intimidating and or offensive

heterosexist harrassment

expressing a negative view towards sexual minority identities

work family conflict

when work interferes with family obligations or family life interferes with work

role enhancement theroy

when people are engaged in multiple roles, they actually find that they have more energy and their well being is enhanced

work family enrichment

two-way process in which what happens at work benefits family life and what happens in the family benefits work

sandwich generation

Group of people who are caring for both their parents and their children.

maternal wall

unexamined assumptions held by coworkers and superiors about how women will behave once they become mothers

the pay gap

women on average are paid less than men

ageism

Discrimination based on age

stereotype embodiment theory

the idea that people learn age-related stereotypes at a young age, internalize them as self-stereotypes, and are subsequently influenced by them in thoughts and actions

beauty work

body modifications done to conform to social norms of attractiveness-make up, shaving legs and dying hair

age concealment

beauty work undertaken to hide the signs of aging and to be able to "pass" as younger than one's chronological age

menopause

the permanent end of menstrual periods

perimenopause

the term used to designate the transition phase between regular menstrual periods and no periods at all

postmenopause

The time after menopause

elderspeak

simplified speech, a high pitch and exaggerated tone similar to baby talk

family caregiving

a family process that occurs in response to an illness and encompasses multiple cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal processes

bereavement

state of sorrow over the death or departure of a loved one

disenfranchised grief

A situation in which certain people, although they are bereaved, are prevented from mourning publicly by cultural customs or social restrictions.

an empty nest

post parentalhood, when children are all grown and no longer live at home

role strain relief hypothesis

the idea that parents, especially mothers, have increased well-being after children leave home because of a decrease in daily demands, time constraints, and work-family conflicts

empty nest syndrome

alleged period of depression in mothers following the departure of their grown children from the home

role loss hypothesis

the idea that parents, especially mothers, will experience a decrease in well-being when their role as caregiver is no longer needed

launching phase

(aka the empty nest stage) when young adult children leave the home. this was described as a period of crisis, particularly for mothers, but more recent surveys have shown that most parents enjoy a renewal in their relationship at this time of being alone

custodial role

full-time, and often permanent, care and guardianship of a grandchild

bridge work

work, often part-time, obtained after retirement from one job that provides a transition between employment and full retirement

leisure innovation

engaging in new leisure activities as part of retirement

Gender based violence

various forms of violence associated with unequal power relationships between men and women

childhood sexual abuse

coercive sexual interaction between a child and an adult

resiliency

the ability to adapt effectively and recover from disappointment, difficulty, or crisis

sexual assault

any intentional sexual attack against another person

rape

any form of sexual intercourse that takes place against a person's will

rape myth

the false belief that, deep down, women enjoy forcible sex and find it sexually exciting

victim blaming

placing the responsibility or blame for a bad outcome on the individual who experiences the bad outcome due to his or her behavior

tonic immobility

temporary state of motor inhibition believed to be a response to situations involving extreme fear.

token resistance

saying "no" to sex when one means "yes"

belief in a just world

A form of defensive attribution wherein people assume that bad things happen to bad people and that good things happen to good people

cultural spillover theory

suggests that violence in one sphere of life tends to engender violence in other spheres

post-traumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

domestic violence

the use of force to control and maintain power over a spouse in the home

intimate partner violence

domestic violence or battering between two people in a close relationship

cycle of abuse

tension-building stage, a violent episode, and a loving and contrition phase

learned hopefullness

believing that a perpetrator can change

coercive power

The ability of a manager to punish others

elder abuse

the abuse or neglect of older family members

imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

bystander intervention

the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation

Gender based violence

occurs at both individual and structural levels-violence againts girls and women has been described as a public health crisis