Test 2 Revision Aids Weeks 5, 7 to 11

Vocabulary flashcards for Test 2 revision aid, covering weeks 5, 7 to 11, focusing on membrane transport, DNA replication, gene expression, cell division, Mendelian inheritance, and photosynthesis & metabolism.

Diffusion

The net migration of nonpolar molecules toward a region of lower concentration, driven by random molecular motion.

Facilitated Diffusion (Protein Channel)

Diffusion involving polar molecules or ions moving through a protein channel toward a region of lower concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion (Protein Carrier)

Diffusion where a molecule binds to a carrier protein in the membrane and is transported across, moving toward a region of lower concentration.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a membrane via aquaporins, requiring an osmotic gradient.

Vesicular Transport (Endocytosis and Exocytosis)

Transport involving cargo-filled vesicles, motor proteins, ATP, and microtubules.

DNA Helicase

An enzyme that unwinds and separates the DNA double helix at the replication fork.

Single Stranded Binding Protein (SSB)

Proteins that protect single strands of DNA during replication.

DNA Gyrase

An enzyme that relieves torque on the helix ahead of the replication fork and uncouples replicated circular DNA.

DNA Primase

An RNA polymerase that synthesizes RNA primers (10-20bp).

Leading Strand Synthesis

Replication with a single priming event, continuous replication by DNA Pol III towards the replication fork.

Lagging Strand Synthesis

Replication with multiple priming events, loop formation in lagging strand template, DNA Pol III creates Okazaki fragments.

Gene Expression

The process where genotype is converted to Phenotype.

Transcription

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template; occurs in the cytoplasm (prokaryotes) or nucleus (eukaryotes).

Translation

The synthesis of a polypeptide from mRNA; occurs at ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

Repressors

Regulatory proteins that block RNA pol function to reduce transcription initiation level.

Activators

Regulatory proteins that help RNA pol to bind better to promoter to enhance transcription initiation level.

Binary Fission

Cell division in prokaryotes.

Mitosis and Meiosis

Cell division in eukaryotes.

Prophase

Stage in mitosis/meiosis where sister chromatids condense.

Metaphase

Stage in mitosis/meiosis where sister chromatids align.

Anaphase

Stage in mitosis/meiosis where sister chromatids separate.

Telophase

Stage in mitosis/meiosis where daughter nuclei form.

Law of Segregation

Mendelian inheritance concept where alleles for a gene segregate during gamete formation in meiosis.

Law of Independent Assortment

Mendelian inheritance concept where pairs of alleles for genes on different chromosomes segregate independently during gamete formation in meiosis.

Photosynthesis

A metabolic process that includes light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (carbon fixation).

Metabolism

Metabolic process that includes Glycolysis, Pyruvate oxidation, Citric Acid Cycle(CAC), and Oxidative phosphorylation if O2 is present (aerobic respiration)

Glycolysis

The first stage of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The final stage of aerobic respiration.