US REVIEWER

Coverage: Module 1 - 3

derived from the Greek words “Philos” and “Sophia” which literally means “Love for Wisdom”.

Philosophy

“The unexamined life is not worth living.”

Socrates

believe that the answer to our pursuit in knowing ourselves lies in our own abilities and wisdom, and that the only way for us to understand ourselves is through internal questioning or introspection.

Socrates

a person who is a follower of truth and wisdom will not be tempted by vices and will always be just.

Plato

is the part of the person that is driven by desire and need to satisfy oneself.

Appetitive Soul

are very competitive and is very active, his competitiveness drives one to expect positive results and winning.

Spirited Soul

it decides what to do, when to do it and the possible results one could have depending on their actions.

“the conscious mind” or rational soul

establishing our sense of self with God which we cannot achieve with our bodies since the limitation of our senses in truly understanding the essence of our existence and role in the world is limited.

St. Augustine

explained we as a rational being should focus on the mind and explained that the more we think and doubt what we perceived from our senses and the answer that came from such thinking or doubting leads to better understanding of ourselves.

Descartes

work on the self is most represented by the concept “Tabula Rasa” which means a Blank Slate.

John Locke

there is no permanent “self”, that since our impressions of things based from our experiences and from such impressions we can create our ideas and knowledge which leads to the argument that since our impression and ideas change.

David Hume

a German Philosopher that is known for his works on Empiricism and Rationalism. We have the capabilities to understand beyond those experiences and be able to think and have a clear identification who we are and establish a sense of self that is unique and distinct from others.

Immanuel Kant

an Austrian Psychologist and Physician, he is also known as the father of psychoanalysis and is known for his work on human nature and the unconscious.

Sigmund Freud

self is the behavior presented by the person, his notion of dualism is that the behavior that we show, emotions and actions are the reflection of our mind and as such is the manifestation of who we are.

Gilbert Ryle

a Canadian philosopher whose focus is on the idea that people should improve our association and use of words in identifying the self. He has this idea that the “self” is defined by the movements of our brain.

Paul Churchland

a French philosopher that is known for his idea of the self, regarded that the body and mind are not separate entities, but rather those two components is one and the same.

Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty

the study of how human society is established, its structure and how it works, the people’s interaction with each other and the effects they have to one another is an aspect in which we have to consider with regards to the development of a person.

Sociology

rejected the idea of biological determination of the self which proposes that an individual already has an established self from the moment he is born. For him, the notion of a person with regards to who they are develops from one’s social interaction with other people.

George Herbert Mead

during this stage the infant simply imitates the actions and behaviors of the people that the infant interacts with. Because the child is only mimicking what he or she observes from his or her environment

Preparatory Stage, Birth - 2 Years Old

the time where children begins to interact with other with which certain rules apply,

Play Stage, 2 - 6 Years Old

ability of the children to recognize the rules of the game and be able to identify their roles and the roles of the others that is playing with them.

Game Stage, 6 - 9 Years Old

The looking-glass self is a social psychological concept in 1902, stating that a person’s self grows out of society’s interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others.

Charles Horton Cooley

is a systematic exploration of human biological and cultural diversity.

Anthropology

the study of human society and culture

Cultural Anthropology

study of Human behavior through material remains.

Archaeological Anthropology

focuses on these special interest, human evolution as revealed by the fossil, human genetics, human growth and development, human biological plasticity and the biology, evolution, behavior and social life of monkeys, apes and other non-human primates.

Biological or Physical Anthropology

studies language in its social and cultural context across space and over time. Universal features of language are analyzed and association between language and culture are evaluated. It also studies how speech changes in social situations and over time.

Linguistic Anthropology

refers to customary behavior and beliefs that are passed on through enculturation (Kottak, 2008), wherein enculturation is the social process which culture is learned and transmitted.

Culture

are the words, gestures, pictures or objects that have a recognized/accepted meaning in a particular culture.

Symbols

persons from the past or present who have characteristics that are important in a culture. They may be real or fictitious and are models for behavior.

Heroes

are activities (may be religious or social) participated in by a group of people for the fulfillment of desired objectives and are considered to be socially essential.

Rituals

are considered to be the core of every culture. They are unconscious and can neither be discussed nor be directly observed but can only be inferred from the way people act and react to circumstances and situations.

Values

Who is considered the first species of the genus Homo?

Homo Habilis

What is true about Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis)?

They possibly interbred with early modern humans

What distinguishes Paranthropus species?

Large teeth and strong jaws

According to Csordas, what should the human body be considered in anthropology?

The subject of culture

What is the primary method used in ethnology?

Synthetic and Comparative analysis

Which early human species was one of the first to use fire and live in social groups?

Homo erectus

Which species had a more human-like face and a larger brain than earlier Australopithecus species?

Australopithecus africanus

What is ethnography?

Fieldwork-based study of a specific group

one of the earliest Australopithecus?

Australopithecus anamensis

What is enculturation?

The learning and passing of culture through social interaction

In a deep personal reflection, you realize that your self-identity is shaped by your own interpretation of experiences, not necessarily by physical senses.

Immanuel Kant's theory of transcendental apperception

Which philosopher would suggest you look at your behavior, rather than your inner thoughts or emotions, to understand your true self?

Gilbert Ryle

If you find yourself doubting your existence or reality, and questioning everything around you, which philosopher’s method would likely resonate with your situation?

René Descartes' method of systematic doubt

You feel that your identity is constantly changing, and your emotions seem to be fluid. According to David Hume’s view on the self, how would you describe your current sense of identity?

Your identity is fluid and continuously shaped by your experiences and perception

If you wanted to understand how your past experiences shape your current identity, and you believed that human nature is driven by unconscious desires and memories, whose philosophy would you follow?

Sigmund Freud’s theory of the unconscious mind and personality structures

You’re trying to understand how philosophical ideas about the self can shape your personal growth. Which philosopher would most likely suggest that you should engage with a higher level of consciousness or intuition to synthesize your understanding of the world and yourself?

Immanuel Kant