EXAM #1 INFOMATION

____ are the most common proteins in the blood.

Albumins

If blood is allowed to clot before being separated in a centrifuge, the fluid at the top of the tube is called________.

Serum

The driving force for bulk flow is _____ _____

pressure differences

The extracellular fluid of the blood is called ____ and makes up about ___% of the blood.

plasma

55

The goal of the cardiovascular system is to get the blood to the _____ because that is where gas, nutrient, and waste product exchange can occur.

Capillaries

The resistance to blood flow is due to ____

friction

If a blood sample contains 2.5 mL of red blood cells, 0.1 mL of white blood cells and 2.9 mL of extracellular fluid, what is the hematocrit?

2.5mL/ (2.5mL+0.1mL+2.9mL) = .45 = 45%

What are the three components of the circulatory system?

Blood, heart, blood vessels

What is another name for the circulatory system?

cardiovascular system

What is the deterministic equation for bulk flow?

Bulk flow= change in pressure/ resistance

True or false? If one cardiomyocyte depolarizes, they all depolarize in normal physiology.

True

The activation gate of the voltage-gated sodium channel opens in response to...

Depolarization

The inactivation gate of the voltage-gated sodium channel opens in response to..

Repolarization/hyperpolarization

F-type cation channels open in response to...

repolarization and hyperpolarization

Inward-rectifying potassium channels open in response to...

Repolarization/hyperpolarization

L-type calcium channels open in response to..

Depolarization

During the repolarization phase of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to...

potassium

The first part of the slow depolarization in a nodal cell is due to the opening of...

F-type cation channels

The second part of the slow depolarization in a nodal cell is due to the opening of...

T-type cation channels

The upswing of the action potential is a nodal cell due to the opening of

Sodium

Which organs determine the distribution of blood flow?

arterioles

In which of the following organs can gas, nutrient, and waste products exchange at?

capillaries and venules

What is the intrinsic heart rate?

100 beats/min

What region of the heart is electrically connects the atria to the ventricles

atrioventricular node (AV node)

What region of the heart is the notal pacemaker of the heart?

sinoatrial node

What is the main function of the atria of the heart?

stores the blood returning from the vein when the ventricles contract

What is the main function of the ventricles of the heart?

generate pressure to drive blood flow

What is the purpose of the papillary muscles in the ventricles of the heart?

prevent the atrioventricular valves from prolapsing

What is the deterministic equation for resistance to blood flow?

Resistance= 8(length of vessel) (viscosity of blood)/ pi(radius)^4

List all the types of ion channels in a cardiomyocyte that were mentioned in the lecture.

-voltage-gated Na+ channel

-L-type Ca++ channel

-Inward rectifying K+ channel

-Slow voltage-gated K+ channel

List all the types of ion channels in a nodal cell that were mentioned in the lecture.

L-type Ca++ channel, inward-rectifying K+ channel, Slow-voltage gates K+ channel, F-type cation channel, T-type Ca++ channel

Slow voltage-gated potassium channels open in response to

depolarization

What region of the heart is the first to depolarize?

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

True or false? Calcium must enter thought L-type Calcium channels in the T-tubule of cardiomyocytes in order for Ryanodine

True

A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves perpendicular to an ECG lead would cause _____ deflection on the ECG

No

A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves perpendicular to an ECG lead would cause ______ deflection on the ECG

No

What word means contraction in the heart?

Systole

What word means relaxation in the heart?

diastole

What are the two most phases of systole?

-Isovolumetric reticular contraction

-ventricular ejection

What are the two phases of diastole and what happens at the end of the second phase

-isovolumetric reticular relaxation

-ventricular filling (at the end is an atrial contraction)

List the waves on an electrocardiography and state what is the causes each wave

T-wave: repolarization if ventricles

Q-wave: inventricular septum depolarization

R-wave: depolarization of most ventricle walls

S-wave: depolarization of base of ventricle l

P-wave: atrial depolarization

By definition, veins carry

blood toward the heart

Most of the proteins in the blood are made by the

liver

Blood makes up about ______ % of body weight in an average person.

8

Put in order from most numerous to least numerous in the blood.

1) eyrthocytes

2) platelets

3) neutrophils

4) lymphocytes

5) monocytes

6) eosinophils

7) basophils

True or false? Some arterioles and venules are visible without a microscope

False

True or false? The diameter of a capillary is about the same diameter of a single red blood cell.

True

True or false? Males tend to have a higher hematocrit than females.

True

_______________________________have the most F-type cation channels?

Sinoatrial nodal cells

Where does most of the gas, nutrient and waste product exchange occur?

capillaries

Electrical activity conducts the slowest through the

AV node

Put the following parts of the heart in order from the first to depolarize to the last to depolarize.

1) sinoatrial node

2) the atrial myocytes

3) The atrioventricular node

4) bundle of His

5) the purkinje fibers

6) the majority of the ventricles

What has a greater influence on the flow of blood?

The radius of the blood vessel

Blood flow through a section of an arteriole is...

Slower near the wall of the blood vessel

The atrioventricular valves open when pressure is higher in the...

atria

The semilunar valves are open when pressure is higher in the...

ventricles

True or false? The action potential of atrial cardiomyocytes has a shorter plateau phase than that of ventricular cardiomyocytes.

True

True or false? We need a large pressure difference across an open valve to get blood to flow

False

True or false? All the cardiomyocytes in the ventricles are linked by gap junctions.

True

Which part of the ventricular wall contract first?

near apex

A resting cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to...

Potassium

During the plateau phase of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to...

calcium

True or false? In response to a single action potential in a cardiomyocyte, enough calcium enters the sarcoplasm to saturate troponin.

False

True or false? Cardiomyocytes use summation to generate greater tension.

False

True or false? Cardiomyocytes never experience tetanus

True

True or false? The cardiomyocyte action potential is about as long as systole.

True

Electrocardiograms measure ________________________ voltage.

extracellular

A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves toward the negative electrode in an ECG lead would cause __________________________ deflection on the ECG.

downward

A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves toward the positive electrode in an ECG lead would cause __________________________ deflection on the ECG.

upward

A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves toward the negative electrode in an ECG lead would cause __________________________ deflection on the ECG.

upward

A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves toward the positive electrode in an ECG lead would cause __________________________ deflection on the ECG.

downward

True or false? The venous return varies throughout the cardiac cycle

False

The first heart sound marks the beginning of...

systole

The second heart sound marks the beginning of

diastole

You can only hear blood flow when the blood flow is...

turbulent

When cardiac muscle contracts, the compliance of the atrium or the ventricle...

decrease

When would you hear a stenosis in either atrioventricular valve?

Between the second and the first heart sound

When would you hear a stenosis in either semilunar valve?

Between the first and second heart sound

What is the deterministic equation for a change in pressure in an elastic structure?

Change in pressure= (Change in volume of substance in structure)/ (Compliance)

Draw pressure curve for the left ventricle, left atrium, and aorta through the cardiac cycle and label areas of importance (look at notes)

DRAWING IN NOTES

True or false? Pressures are lower in the pulmonary trunk and right ventricle than they are in the aorta and left ventricle.

True

True or false? The pressure changes on the left side of the heart and the right side of the heart are qualitatively similar.

True

The largest volume of blood is in the ventricle during....

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

The smallest volume of blood is in the ventricle during...

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

The ventricular walls are...

Thicker on the left side of the heart

True or false? At end-systole there should be no blood left in the ventricles

False

True or false? During exercise, the mean arterial pressure is diastolic pressure plus one third of the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures.

False

True or false? Increasing contractility with no change in venous return can lead to a sustained increase in cardiac output.

False

True or false? Increasing preload increases cardiac contractility.

False

Sympathetic activity causes the heart to contract....

faster

Sympathetic activity causes the heart to relax...

faster

The arterial diastolic pressure is reached during...

Systole

What would you hear an insufficiency in either atrioventricular valve?

Between the first and second heart sound.

When would you hear an insufficiency in either semilunar valve?

Between the second and the first heart sound

Increasing contractility would tend to ___ end-diastolic volume.

decrease

Parasympathetic activity ___ heart contractility

directly increases

What type of adrenergic receptor is present on contractile cardiomyocytes?

beta-1

What type of muscarinic receptor is present on contractile cardiomyocytes?

There are no muscarinic receptors on contractile cardiomyocytes.

Blood pressure can be pulsatile in...

arteries and arterioles

Damage to the ___ muscles of the heart can lead to an atrioventricular valve insufficiency.

papillary