Test 2 Part 1: Membrane Aveoli

What are the 5 processes of exchanging gas?

• Pulmonary ventilation

• External respiration

• Transport

• Internal respiration

• Cellular respiration

What is pulmonary ventilation?

gases in and out between lung and air

What is external respiration?

gases exchange in continuous capillaries of lungs

What is transport?

gas transport in the bloodstream

What is internal respiration?

gases exchange in capillaries of all except lungs

What is cellular respiration?

making ATP and metabolites

What does the upper respiratory tract compose of?

nose, pharynx, and larynx

What does the lower respiratory tract contain?

trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, respiratory zone

What does the lung contain?

bronchus, bronchiole, and respiratory zone

What is the function of the pharynx?

passageway for air and food

What is the function of the larynx?

air only; voice production

What is the function of the epiglottis?

to prevent food from entering the larynx

The vocal cords are located in the:

larynx

Vocal Cords

make sound

Where is the epiglottis located?

larynx

What is the epiglottis made of?

elastic cartilage

What is the function of the upper respiratory tract?

Providing Heat and moisture,

Trapping dust and small particles

Where is the pharynx positioned?

upper

Where is the larynx positioned?

lower

What is the composition of the pharynx?

muscles only

What is the composition of the larynx?

mainly cartilages

Is the pharynx movable?

no

Is the larynx movable?

yes

Is the pharynx for food?

yes

Is the larynx for food?

no

Is the voice box in pharynx?

no

Is the voice box in the larynx?

yes

What is the trachea made of?

hyaline cartilage

What are the layers of the trachea?

mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia

What is the mucosa of the trachea?

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells on connective tissue

Mucosa is associated with which type of immunity?

innate

What is submuscosa made up of?

connective tissue

What is hyaline cartilage?

C-shaped rings

What is similar to serosa?

adventitia

True or false: The right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left bronchus.

True

What are the branches of the bronchus?

1. Primary

2. Secondary

3. Tertiary

The ____bronchus leads to the ____bronchiole

tertiary, primary

What are the smallest bronchioles known as?

terminal bronchioles

Which respiratory organs do ventilation?

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole

Which respiratory organs do external respiration?

alveoli (respiratory zone)

What does BROTH stand for?

B-breathing

R-respiration

O-oxygen

T- temperature

H- heart rate

Is the mucosa dirty or clean?

dirty

Which side of the lung is smaller?

left

Which bronchiole branch is the largest?

primary

What are the bronchioles made of?

smooth muscle, elastic fibers, simple cuboidal epithelium

What do bronchioles not have?

cartilage, cilia

When oxygen comes into the continuous capillary and carbon dioxide comes out, what is that called?

external respiration

If air goes out through lung it is called

ventilation

If air passes through the capillaries it is called

respiration

If the trachea and bronchus got blocked, what process would it affect?

pulmonary ventilation

What is the function of the respiratory organs from the nose to the bronchioles?

ventilation zone or conduction zone

Which organs make up the lung?

bronchus, bronchioles, and respiratory zone

What would the pathway of a tube inserted through the mouth be?

pharynx, epiglottis, trachea

What is the function of HMD?

innate immune

Which layer of the trachea would be damaged first?

adventitia

What are the three parts of the respiratory zone?

respiratory bronchioles (21) , alveolar ducts (22) , alveolar sacs (23)

What are alveoli responsible for?

gas exchange

What is the basic unit of respiration?

alveolus

What is the end of the respiratory tree called?

respiratory bronchioles

Which part of the respiratory zone would be damaged first by a virus?

alveolus (23)

Which part of the respiratory zone would be damaged first by smoke?

terminal bronchiole (20)

What is the proper order of the respiratory features from largest to smallest?

Trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli

What is the function of the respiratory zone?

Primary function of the lung and external respiration

Which of the following statements best describes the primary function of the respiratory system?

It exchanges gases between the blood and the air in the environment

What is the pulmonary arteriole full of?

deoxygenated blood

What is the pulmonary venule full of?

oxygenated blood

What are the three layers of the respiratory membrane?

simple squamous epithelium, basement membrane, continuous capillary endothelium

Does O2 or CO2 go into the respiratory membrane?

O2

What does fluid in the alveoli cause?

blockage of gas exchange

Which of the following statements best explains how the structure of alveoli relates to its function?

The walls of the alveoli are thin to increase the rate of diffusion.

What are the three cells of the respiratory zone?

-type 1 alveolar cells

-type 2 alveolar cells

-macrophages

What are the characteristics of the type I alveolar cells?

-simple squamous epithelium

-most surface

-less number

-organelles are clustered around the nucleus

-large areas of free cytoplasm

What does cytoplasm in type I alveolar cells help with?

external respiration

Are type I alveolar cells able to replicate?

no

Which respiratory zone cell is most susceptible to toxins?

type I

What is the function of type II alveolar cells?

secrete surfactant which prevents collapse

Which respiratory zone cell has the largest number of stem cells that give rise to more type I cells?

type II

Fetal viability outside the womb depends on what?

production of pulmonary surfactant

A substance is developed that selectively destroys the lamellar bodies of type II cells. Experimental animals exposed to the substance is most likely to develop what?

Patchy atelectasis (lung collapse)

What is the importance of pulmonary surfactant in fetal lung development?

It counteracts the surface tension of the lining of the alveolar sac, allowing expansion to happen at first breath

What are macropahges?

dust cells

Which respiratory zone cell has the least amount?

macrophages

Where is the alveolar macrophage cell located?

lung

Where is the dendritic cell located?

skin

Where is microglia located?

CNS

Where is the Kupffer cell located?

liver

Where are osteoclasts?

bone

Where are histiocytes located?

connective tissue

Which cell in the alveolus gets infected first by Covid-19 virus?

Type 2 pneumocyte

Which protein on the virus binds the cell in the alveolus?

S spike

Which receptor on the cell in the alveolus binds the Covid-19 virus?

Angiotensin converting enzyme type 2

Which cell in the alveolus secretes cytokines to cause alveolar edema?

macrophages

A scanner is used to evaluate the rate of clearing dust particles from the lungs. Which cell types are most likely involved in the clearance?

macrophages

What is the anatomical and functional unit of the entire lung?

bronchopulmonary segments

Where does the right ventricle pump blood to?

respiratory zone only

What type of blood do pulmonary veins have?

oxygenated

Where do bronchial arteries supply blood to?

oxyegnated blood to non-respiratory zone (descending thoracic aorta)

What is the external and internal end of bronchus?

External- trachea

Internal- bronchiole

The only place the pulmonary artery goes to in respiratory system is ___

respiratory zone