APES AP EXAM PREP

stage 1 of demographic transition

pre industrial stage with high birth and high death

stage 2 of demographic transition

transitional stage with high birth, low death, and rapidly growing population

stage 3 of demographic transition

industrial stage, falling birth and falling death

stage 4 of demographic transition

post industrial stage, low birth low death, no growth

r selected species

small, many babies, short lifespan

k selected species

parental care, large, long lifespan, few babies

survivorship curves

k = 1 , r = 3

when does total fertility decrease

as more women get education

what are the age structure categories

pre-reproductive, reproductive, and post-reproductive

biotic potential

the maximum reproductive rate under ideal conditions

biological controls

use of natural predators to regulate pest populations

percent change

new-old/old x 100

doubling time

70/r

population growth rate

(immigration + births) - (emigration + deaths)

cultural ecosystem services

recreational activities

what are the 5 criteria air pollutants

CO, NO2, SO2, PM, ozone

what are the 4 greenhouse gasses

carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor

what are the soil horizons

O (organic), A (top soil), E (sometimes present), B, C (parent material), R

what is earths tilt

23.5 degrees

Coriolis effect

The effect of Earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents.

steps of eutrophication

excess nutrients, algea bloom, algea die, decomposers use all oxygen, hypoxia or anoxia

the two types of acid rain

sulfuric and nitric acid rain

bottle neck effect

reducing genetic diversity by decreasing in size

island bio-geography effect

organisms will colonize land that is bigger and closer to the mainland