Module 2 Me Ex F

1. This refers to the milligrams of KOH needed to neutralize free fatty acids in 1g of fat/oil

A. Acyl value

B. Acetyl value

C. Acid value

D. Saponification value

C. Acid value

most stable Polymorphic form of cocoa butter:

Least stable:

Most: Beta form with 34.5 *C

Least: Gamma with 18 *C melting point

What to find in the structure to know if its a steroid?

CPPP nucleus

> looks like chrys..

>cppp: cyclopentano

In Glycyrrhizin this is responsible for its sweetness

GlycyRRHiZic acid or GlycyRRHeTic acid

GlycyRRHizic acid

mne: Glyr RHIZ is sweet

the other one is anti-inflam

In Glycyrrhizin this is responsible for its anti-inflamm

GlycyRRHiZic acid or GlycyRRHeTic acid

GlycyRRHeTic acid

Plumeria rubra

Kalachuchi

Diff negative feedback and positive feedback

Pos: low supply so High prod

Neg: high sup low production

This refers to the milligrams of KOH needed to neutralize free fatty acids in 1g of fat/oil

A. Acyl value

B. Acetyl value

C. Acid value

D. Saponification value

C. Acid value

mne:

NEUTralize free fatty ACID: acid value (AV)

SAPON ESTers: ester value (EV)

ester value vs acid value

neut  AND sapon: saponification value (SV). formula: SV:  EV + AV

Saponification value is aka

Koehsdorfer number

mg of KOH required to NEUTRalize ACETIC acid and combined to HYDROXYL groups when 1g of sample is acetylated

Hydroxyl value

conc of peroxide and Hydroperoxides formed in the initial stages of lipid oxidation

Peroxide value

→ measure rancidity of a sample

Most widely used t(s) or value for oxidative rancidity

Peroxide value

High Iodine value means (7)

I- U-R-O-D-P-S

high all ni bhie

I: High Iodine value

U: High unsat

R: rancidity

O: Oxidation

D : double bond

P: Polymerize

S: solid and drying

ex: LinCod —> Linseed oil and Cod liver oil.

LinCoDRY:

SEMI-SeCo:

NON-D: CoA:

LinCoDRY: Linseed oil and Cod liver oil

<dpt dry emoa likod para dili magksaki

SEMI-SeCo: semi drying oil; sesame seed oil, cottonseed oil

NON-D: CoA: Castor oil, Almond oil, Olive oil

< non Dik koa , wacoA dk ehe

Alcoholic preparations:

__________: Molasses or sugarcane juice

__________: Malted grains/ germinated seeds, aka: Spiritus Frumenti, Barley

__________: Fermented grapes or wine

__________: Grapes or Vitis-vinifera or other fruits

Alcoholic preparations:

Rum: Molasses or sugarcane juice

Whisky: Malted grains/ germinated seeds, aka: Spiritus Frumenti, Barley

Brandy: Fermented grapes or wine

Wine: Grapes or Vitis-vinifera or other fruits

note: scientific name of grapes is vitis vinifera

Which of the following is correct?

A. Glyceraldehyde is a ketotriose

B. Dihydroxyacetone is an aldotriose

C. Glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone are trioses.

D. All are correct.

C. glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone are trioses.

Which of the following statements correctly describes cocoa butter?

A. It is a synthetic oil used in pharmaceutical emulsions

B. It is a solid at room temperature and melts at body temperature

C. It is composed primarily of saturated hydrocarbons

D. It is unsuitable for use in suppository formulations

ans B:

Cocoa butter, also known as_____Theobroma oil____, is a natural fat obtained from cacao beans. It is solid at room temperature but melts just below or around body temperature (approximately 34–36°C), making it an ideal base for____Suppositories______. Its composition mainly includes triglycerides of oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids , which are ___unsaturated___ hydrocarbons.

Which of the following polymorphic forms of cocoa butter is considered to be the metastable form with temperature of 22°C ?

A. Alpha

B. Beta

C. Beta-prime

D. Gamma

A. Alpha

the only meta sable are alpha and beta prime

gamma: least stable but most penetrating

Beta: most stable with 34.5 melting point

Which of the following temperatures corresponds to the melting point of the least stable form of cocoa butter?

A. 18°C

B. 22°C

C. 28°C

D. 34°C

a. alpha

After performing Bornträger’s test on a plant extract, a researcher observes a red color in the organic layer following treatment with sulfuric acid. What is the most likely explanation for this result?

A. The red color is due to the presence of anthraquinone glycosides in the sample, indicating a positive test result.

B. The red color is a false positive caused by the presence of impurities on the sample

C. The red color suggests the presence of flavonoids

D. The red color indicates that the plant extract contains a high concentration of proteins.

a. anthraquinone : when combined with base in borntragers t(s) it becomes (anthraquinone salt—> with pink and red ppt. 

Odd man out:

A. Aloe barbadensis

B. Rhamnus purshianus

C. Rhamnus officinale

D. Andira araroba

D. andira araroba aka: Chrysarobin

Which part of Rhamnus purshianus is used commercially?

A. Seed

B. Flower

C. Roots

D. Bark

D. bark, common name: sacred bark or SN:; Cascara Sagrada

 Which of the following anthraquinone glycosides are cultivated in wetlands resembling rice paddies?

A. Aloe barbadensis

B. Rhamnus purshianus

C. Cassia angustifolia

D. Rheum webbianum

C. Cassia angustfolia (aka. Tinnevelly)

Evaluate the two statements:

I. Frangula is known for its brand name Movicol when combined with Ghatti gum

II. Frangula is indicated for diarrhea

A. Both statements are true

B. Both statements are false

C. First statement is true

D. Second statement is true

B. Both false.

Movicol < frang and karaya fk at movicol ehe

Diosgenin, a constituent found in Yam (Dioscorea spp.), is a rich source of which of the following?

A. Flavonoids

B. Steroids

C. Alkaloids

D. Tannins

B. Steroids

EDI, a pharmaceutical researcher isolates smilagenin from Smilax species during a phytochemical investigation. Based on its classification as a saponin glycoside, which of the following characteristics or applications would most likely be associated with this compound?

A. It will exhibit strong alkaloidal activity and is likely to be used for pain relief

B. It can serve as a precursor for steroidal drug synthesis and may exhibit anti inflammatory properties

C. It acts as an anthraquinone glycoside and is useful for its stimulant laxative effect D. It is primarily a tannin-based compound used for treating diarrhea due to its astringency

B. It can serve as a precursor for steroidal drug synthesis and may exhibit anti inflammatory properties

 During testing on blood agar, a sample containing saponin glycosides exhibits beta hemolysis, characterized by a clear zone around bacterial growth. Based on this information, which of the following can be inferred about the compound's mechanism of action?

A. The saponin glycoside disrupts bacterial cell membranes by causing incomplete lysis of red blood cells

B. The compound likely causes complete lysis of red blood cells by disrupting their membranes, similar to bacterial beta hemolysin

C. The compound inhibits bacterial growth by interfering with protein synthesis, preventing hemolysis

D. The compound enhances the stability of bacterial cell membranes, preventing lysis of red blood cells

B. The compound likely causes complete lysis of red blood cells by disrupting their membranes, similar to bacterial beta hemolysin

rat: basta beta hemolysis —> complete rbc 

This glycoside is also known as Bishop’s flower

A. Dipteryx odorata

B. Cantharis vesicatoria

C. Ammi majus

D. Salix purpure

C. Ammi majus

mneme: ammi sa bishop …brbbb rah

EDU, a 60-year-old patient with a history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is prescribed coumarin as part of their treatment plan. Which of the following correctly matches the classification and indication of the prescribed medication?

A. Lactone glycoside- anti-platelet

B. Lactone glycoside- anticoagulant

C. Phenol glycoside- anti-platelet

D. Phenol glycoside-anticoagulant

B. Lactone glycoside- anticoagulant

Coumarin is an anticoagulant which has 2 benzene ring sharing 2 carbons.

It belongs to the benzopyrone chemical class and is considered a lactone. 

and thats why its Coumarin for C—> carbon ehe

Which of the following will be able to identify the presence of amygdalin?

A. Borntrager’s test

B. Guignard’s reagent

C. Kedde’s test

D. Keller-Killiani test

B. Guignard’s reagent

amygdalin produces cyanide and Guignard’s test used to detect cyanide.

mne: if may GUIG kay ma CYA

A protein sample gives a positive result with both the Biuret test and the Xanthoproteic test. Based on this observation, what can you infer about the composition of the protein?

A. The protein contains peptide bonds and aromatic amino acids

B. The protein contains only sulfur containing amino acids

C. The protein lacks peptide linkages

D. The protein contains only aliphatic amino acids

A. The protein contains peptide bonds and aromatic amino acids

mne: Biu-in mo  mo ang Pep ko hanggang mag violet

During lab analysis, a protein solution tested negative with the Millon’s test but positive with the Biuret and Ninhydrin tests. What does this suggest about the amino acid composition of the protein?

A. It lacks tyrosine residues

B. It contains no primary amines

C. It lacks peptide bonds

D. It contains sulfur-containing amino acids

A. It lacks tyrosine residues

A sample reacts positively with the lead acetate test but shows no color change with the Xanthoproteic or Millon’s tests. What is the likely component in the protein? A. Sulfur-containing amino acids like cysteine

B. Aromatic amino acids

C. Tyrosine and phenylalanine

D. Only peptide bonds, no amino acids

A. Sulfur-containing amino acids like cysteine ( since positive siya sa lead acetate test)

ED, performs several qualitative tests on a protein isolate. The sample turns violet with Biuret reagent, yellow-orange with Xanthoproteic test, but shows no black precipitate with lead acetate. Which combination of amino acids is most likely present?

A. Tryptophan and cysteine

B. Tyrosine and phenylalanine

C. Methionine and glycine

D. Lysine and serine

B. Tyrosine and phenylalanine

The following amino acids will test positive for ninhydrin test except:

A. Valine

B. Proline

C. Threonine

D. Tyrosine

B. Proline

-the only amino acid

A compound used as a substitute for whale-derived waxes due to ethical concerns and similar properties is obtained from the seeds of a desert shrub. Which wax is most likely being described?

A. Beeswax

B. Jojoba

C. Carnauba

D. Spermaceti

B. Jojoba

ang alternative: kay cetyl ester wax or jojoba oil

A pharmacist needs a wax that melts at body temperature and can be used in ointment bases. She chooses one derived from Apis mellifera. Which wax is she using?

A. Jojoba

B. Beeswax

C. Carnauba

D. Spermaceti

B. beeswax

2. Jennie, a pharmacist is tasked with choosing an oil to formulate a stable emollient cream. She considers the following oils based on their drying properties:

Castor oil Linseed oil Olive oil

If her goal is to minimize oxidation and rancidity over time, which oil would be the most appropriate, and what classification does it fall under?

A. Linseed oil – Non-drying oil

B. Castor oil – Semi-drying oil

C. Olive oil – Non-drying oil

D. Castor oil – Drying oil

C. Olive oil – Non-drying oil

< since they wanna minimize oxidation they need something that doesnt dry… 

remember: I-U-R-O-D-P-S

high iodine valu high solid, high ox

A student mistakenly formulates a topical cream using linseed oil, and the product hardens over time when exposed to air. What is the most likely explanation for this observation?

A. Linseed oil is a non-drying oil that resists oxidation.

B. Linseed oil undergoes hydrolysis, forming soaps.

C. Linseed oil is a drying oil that polymerizes upon exposure to oxygen.

D. Linseed oil absorbs moisture, forming a gel

C. Linseed oil is a drying oil that polymerizes upon exposure to oxygen.

. A manufacturer wants to produce a fast drying paint using a plant-derived oil. Which oil is most suitable based on its drying property?

A. Sesame oil

B. Linseed oil

C. Olive oil

D. Castor oi

B. linseed oil

mne: Lin-COdry

linseed and cod liver oil- drying

Which fixed oil would be most appropriate for use in preparing an oil-based vitamin E supplement due to its high stability and resistance to rancidity?

A. Cottonseed oil

B. Castor oil

C. Linseed oil 

D. Olive oil

D. Olive oil

mne: non d Castor-O-A

pero Olive is best for rancidity

Which of the following monosaccharides is known as wood sugar?

A. Xylose

B. Glucose

C. Galactose

D. Mannose

A. Xylose

Which of the following monosaccharides is commonly referred to as grape sugar?

A. Xylose

B. Glucose

C.Fructose

D. Ribose

B. Glucose

This is a disaccharide obtained from Hordeum vulgare

A. Sucrose

b. Lactose

C. Maltose

D. Lactulose

C. Maltose

Sn: Hordeum vulgare (barley)

nag whisk sa Barn si hordeum and malt to dlete spiritus frumenti

This is a disaccharide found primarily in milk.

A. Sucrose

B. Maltose

C. Lactose

D. Trehalose

C. Lactose

. The following are products of oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates except:

I. Cherry juice

II. Sorbitol

III. Tartaric acid

IV. Mannitol

l A. I and II

B. II and IV

C. I and III

D. I onl

B. II and IV

the process of

1* ——> aldehyde (carbohydrates)—→ carboxylic acid

The following are products of reductive metabolism of carbohydrates except:

I. Cherry juice

II. Sorbitol

II. Tartaric acid

IV. Mannitol

A. I and II

B. II and IV

C. I and III

D. I onl

C. I and III

Which of the following sugar alcohols is sourced from the berries of mountain ash and is half as sweet as sucrose?

A. Sorbitol

B. Mannitol

C. Xylitol

D. Erythritol

a. sorbitol

mne: sorberies is ma ½ po… since half as sweet as sugar

Which of the following is the primary product of ethanol fermentation in yeast cells, a form of reductive metabolism of carbohydrates?

A. Sorbitol

B. Mannitol

C. Ethanol

D. Acetic acid

C. Ethanol

Plumeria rubra is commonly known as:

A. Duhat

B. Kalachuchi

C. Eggplant

D. Chico

B. Kalachuchi

Which of the following best describes the pharmaceutical application of Bixa orellana?

A. Laxative agent

B. Antipyretic compound

C. Natural coloring agent

D. Sedative component

mne: Si Bixa orellana mao lipstick tree siya so red mao maka cardiac glycosides

A 45-year-old patient is experiencing symptoms of irregular heartbeat. You are tasked to review the patient’s herbal supplements and find out they have been drinking a tea made from Digitalis purpurea leaves.

Which pharmacognostic concern should be raised based on the plant’s constituent profile, and what is the most likely active compound responsible for the therapeutic effect?

A. Risk of hepatotoxicity; glycyrrhizin

B. Risk of bradycardia; digoxin

C. Risk of hallucination; atropine

D. Risk of dehydration; anthraquinone glycosides

B. Risk of bradycardia; digoxin

mne: Low K Mg High Ca

A 70-year-old patient is undergoing anticoagulant therapy with warfarin. He begins using a traditional herbal tea containing Dipteryx odorata (Tonka bean) for its pleasant aroma. What is the potential interaction concern, and which constituent is likely responsible?

A. Increased clotting risk; tannins

B. Bleeding risk; coumarin

C. Liver damage; anthraquinones

D. No concern; volatile oils are safe

B. Bleeding risk; coumarin

. A young child accidentally ingests bitter almond extract. Shortly after, they show signs of cyanosis and labored breathing. Which constituent is responsible for the toxicity, and what is the biochemical mechanism?

A. Amygdalin; releases hydrocyanic acid

B. Allicin; inhibits mitochondrial enzymes

C. Sennosides; stimulate smooth muscle

D. Ginsenosides; overstimulate CNS

A. Amygdalin; releases hydrocyanic acid

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions. Which of the following is the primary characteristic of enzymes?

A. They are consumed during chemical reactions.

B. They increase the activation energy of a reaction.

C. They lower the activation energy of a reaction.

D. They act as reactants in biochemical reactions.

C. They lower the activation energy of a reaction

Which of the following metabolic pathways produces the most ATP?

A. Glycolysis

B. Citric acid cycle

C. Electron transport chain

D. Pentose phosphate pathway

C. Electron transport chain

Which of the following conditions would most likely impair β-oxidation of fatty acids? A. A deficiency in carnitine

B. High insulin levels

C. High ATP concentration

D. All of the above

D. All of the above

. A defect in Complex I of the electron transport chain would primarily inhibit the oxidation of which of the following?

A. FADH₂

B. NADH

C. Succinate

D. Oxygen

B. NADH

mne:

Nad 1

Suc 2

Complex II of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) is also known as:

A. Cytochrome c Oxidase

B. NADH Dehydrogenase

C. Succinate reductase

D. Ubiquinone Reductase

C. Succinate reductase

Cyanide is a known inhibitor of cytochrome oxidase (Complex IV). Which metabolite will accumulate most significantly as a result of its action?

A. Oxygen

B. NAD+

C. NADH

D. ATP

C. NADH

A chemical uncoupler like DNP (2,4-dinitrophenol) collapses the proton gradient. What is the immediate effect on the ETC?

A. Electron flow stops

B. ATP production increases

C. Oxygen consumption continues

D. NADH levels increase

C. Oxygen consumption continues

Uncouplers:

1. DNP

2. Thermogenin/ Uncoupling protein 1 

A fasting individual shows elevated ketone levels in the blood. What is the most direct metabolic reason for this?

A. Increased glycolysis

B. Decreased β-oxidation

C. Excess acetyl-CoA from fatty acid oxidation

D. Increased malonyl-CoA levels

C. Excess acetyl-CoA from fatty acid oxidation