ARC 1013 msstate test 3

Renaissance has

symmetry

circle and square pure form

mathematics, rational, proportions, universal order

renaissance architecture

Not aspire to heavens, grounded to earth, human reason are all parts of what?

Renaissance architecture

Gothic architecture

A-historical, asymmetrical

Architecture in service to God

governed by specific context

Renaissance 15th Century began in__________.

Florence, Italy

Renaissance 15th Century

Authentic re-use of classicism, based in

understanding of perspective, change size and proportion of columns, pediments, etc.

- Represent human intellect as much as the power of God

Humanism

philosophical system based upon the capacity of humankind for rational, objective thought, and action; stresses human reason and is centered in human nature, interests, and ideals, as distinct from religious philosophies based in a higher God

Renaissance

the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.

Renaissance Architecture

The various adaptations of Italian Renaissance architecture that occurred throughout Europe until the advent of Mannerism and the Baroque in the 16th and 17th centuries, characterized by the use of Italian Renaissance forms and motifs in more or less traditional buildings.

"Renaissance Man"

a person with many talents or areas of knowledge.

Brunelleschi was an

architect, painter, sculptor, goldsmith

Humanism (renaissance)

human achievement separate from religious dogma

Humanism : Reconcile the classical view of human potential with Christian believe in divine intention

wanted excellence in human achievement - all was possible

Cathedral in florence

dome is witness to human achievement

employed ribs and double shells

Early Renaissance

a style of Italian Renaissance art and architecture developed during the 15th century, characterized by the development of linear perspective, chiaroscuro, and in buildings, by the free and inventive use of classical details

Chiaruscuro is a

style of painting using only light and shadow

Brunelleschi: Father of the Renaissance

symmetrical forms; proportions relate one element to another; application scientific perspective

First Renaissance building

-Brunelleschi

-Foundling Hospital (orphanage) - Florence, Italy 1422

-symmetrical forms

-proportions relate one element to another

-application scientific perspective

The "Duomo", Dome of the Cathedral of Florence (1418-36)

largest dome built since Romans

technical achievement in its construction

-no "centering" - built to be self-supporting as it was constructed

Cathedral in Florence

employed ribs and double shells

The dome for the Cathedral in Florence began in

Renaissance

the tower for the Cathedral in Florence began in

Gothic

Church of San Lorenzo (1418-46)

Filippo BRUNELLESCHI

Who hired Brunelleschi to rebuild the church of San lorenzo?

medici

Church of S. Spirito (1436-82)

Filippo BRUNELLESCHI

proportions and style fully realized

Volumes were ________ in the church of S. Spirito

CUBES

Picture of

Pazzi Chapel

Vitruvius: wrote "bible" for Renaissance architects

Roman architect and theorist, active -46 to -25 "the TEN BOOKS ON ARCHITECTURE"

-the only complete book on architectural design and theory to survive from the ancient world

-had enormous influence on Renaissance architecture

Two thoughts from Vitruvius

1. "Firmness, Commodity, and Delight

2. Vitruvian figure

What is the center of humanism?

man

Church of Sant' Andrea

Leon Battista Alberti (theorist, historian, scientist, and architect) another TEN BOOKS on architecture modeled on Vitruvius' books

What promoted architecture as an intellectual activity?

Ten Books on architecture modeled on Vitruvius' books - Church of Sant' Andrea

Church of Sant' Andrea

note representation of pure geometric form

Ideal city of Sforzinda - geometric purity of the "circle plan" for a city

man is the center

VILLA ROTUNDA c. 1500 Vincenza Italy

Andrea PALLADIO

Supreme example of theoretically inspired design

Completely symmetrical

Elements all governed by proportional relationships

Turned house into temple

What is the supreme example of theoretically inspired design?

villa rotunda c. 1500 Vicenza, Italy

Palladio wrote treatise on architecture - THE FOUR BOOKS OF ARCHITECTURE

constructed villas between Venice and Vincenza 1550

Palazzo

city house - built to street and for wealthy families

San Giorgio Maggiore - white façade faces across the basin of San Marco

scaled to present a public face to the town of Venice

Piazza

a public square or marketplace, especially in an Italian town.

High Renaissance

a style of Italian renaissance art and architecture developed in the late 15th- and early 16th centuries characterized by an emphasis on draftsmanship, the illusion of sculptural volume in painting, and in building , by the imitative use of whole orders and compositional arrangements in the classical style, with great attention to the formulation of compositional rules after the precepts of Vitruvius and the precedents of existing ruins.

The "Tempietto" of San Pietro

Donato Bramante

dome

outward manifestation of the centrally organized plan - donato bramante

Donato Bramante (1444-1514)

Tempietto, Rome - begun 1502

Bramante was close associate of Leonardo DaVinci

Early Work in Milan

Moved to Rome after French sack of Milan in 1499

Who was a close associate of Leonardo DaVinci who moved to Rome from Milan after the French sack in 1499?

Donato Bramante

Circle and square represent the perfection of the divinity

Tempietto, Rome - Donato Bramante

Believe religious figure "Saint Peter" was killed (martyred) here

meant to be an object, a picture, a marker - Tempietto, Rome

Pope Julius II 1503 - humanist ideals introduced into the Papal court

Rome Queen city - consolidate temporal power

Return to glory from Roman antiquity

Saint Peter's 1505-1612

Michaelango changed it

- magnificent new church over the crypt of St. Peter

- dome becomes an icon of dome often repeated

Bramante Plan

plans for St. peters

Michelangelo Plan

plans for St. peters

Peruzzi Plan

plans for St. Peters

Saint Peter's (1505-1612) tomb for Pope Julius II would not fit in the old basilica (almost 1100 years old in 1505)

Bramante's scheme was on a scale grander than any Roman structure

Building about the size of the Baths of Diocletian

-Dome comparable to the Pantheon

Bramante, Palazzo Caprini

- Rome, ca. 1512 (demolished)

Mannerism (high Renaissance)

Inventive combinations of elements of purposefully play with classical rules

proportions-exaggerated

Michelangelo (1475-1564)

rebelled against Renaissance decorum

Painter: ceiling of Sistine Chapel

Sculpture: David, thee Pieta

Architecture: Laurentian Library, started at age 70

Mannerism

a transitional style in European Architecture in the late 16th century, particularly in Italy, characterized by the unconventional use of the classical elements

Michelangelo adjusted proportions, details to suit his purpose

often made up his own details

Complete challenge to Renaissance rules of order, proportion, and use of historic elements

Goal: to heighten the physical experience of moving through space

What design appears out of place with other Baroque Architecture?

Laurentian Library (1524) - stairs relentlessly flow downward, niches around staircase are blank

-complete challenge to renaissance rules of order, proportion and use of historic elements

Michelangelo essentially manipulated classical architecture

as elements in gigantic sculpture

The "Campidoglio", Capitoline Hill (1536)

Michelangelo Buonarroti

-Organization deviates from purity of renaissance geometry subtle tension of angled plan and oval plaza

-Ideas beginning to become "Mannerism"

Pallazo Strozzi (begun 1489)

Florence, Italy

Palazzo Farnese, Caprarola (north of Rome) 1559

Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola

Inigo Jones (1573-1652) Renaissance Architecture in Britain

a notable ENGLISH architect of the Banqueting House in Whitehall

-two trips to Italy, studied Palladio's work

self-taught (son of clothmaker)Banque

Inigo Jones designed the

Queen's House in Greenwich - begun 1616

Balustrade

railing supported by balusters

Banqueting Hall in Whitehall, London 1619-

inigo jones

Renaissance Characteristics

engage intellect

pure forms

emphasize individual in isolation

architecture for wealthy

individual isolated buildings

Baroque (ill formed pearl) 17th century

engage the emotions

illusionary effects

emphasize individual as part of society

architecture for all social classes

buildings design to fit context

Baroque Architecture

a style of architecture originating in Italy in the early 17th century and variously prevalent in Europe and the new world for a century and a half characterized by free and sculptural use of the classical orders and ornament dynamic opposition and interpenetration of spaces, and the dramatic combined effects of architecture, sculpture, painting and the decorative arts.

Bernini and Borromini the Baroque in Rome

Reaffirmation of Catholic Church after the Protestant led Reformation

Buildings to awe, convert

Counter reformation: reintroduce spiritual values

Something greater than the individual

2 famous architects in Baroque period building to awe and convert counter reformation-reintroduce spiritual values something greater than an individual reaffirmation of the Catholic Church after the protestant reformation

Gianlorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini

Bernini and Borromini

S. Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Rome, begun 1634 Franscesco Borromini

Bernini

added collonade - elliptical space

St. Peter's Rome 1624-1633

Baladacchino

built by Bernini

Piazza of St. Peter's

Begun 1656

Gianlorenzo Bernini

Bernini = ______________ ; Borromini = ______________

St. Peter's piazza and building; S. Carlo alle Quattro Fontane

Piazza Navona, Rome

Bernini and Borromini, begun 1644

Space dates to ancient Roman Circus

London Fire of 1666

act of rebuilding the city of London; example of an early building code; Sir Christopher Wren redesigned St. Paul's Cathedral and over 50 other churches in London

Sir Christopher Wren

St. Paul's Cathedral - London 1675-1709

rebuilding after fire

Sir Christopher Wren, London

St. Clementine's Dane

Who redesigned St. Paul's Cathedral and over 50 other churches in London

St. Christopher Wren

Sir Christopher Wren, London 1672-79

St. Stephen Walbrook

Christ Church in London

Nicholas Hawksmoor (1714-1729)

St. Mary Woolnoth London

Nicholas Hawksmoor (1716-1724)

Versailles - outside Paris

Baroque

Louis 14th - a hunting lodge

begun 1661

Versailles (gardens)

gardens included roughly 1400 fountains, using water pumped up from the Seine

Parterre

gardens geometrically organized

extended baroque design of palace rooms into the landscape

Vegetation

exotic to the region in baroque gardens

Allees

pathway lined with trees

rococo

a style of decorative art that evolved from the Baroque, originating in France about 1720 and distinguished by fanciful, curved spatial forms and elaborate, profuse designs of shellwork and foliage intended for a delicate overall effect

Dominikus Zimmerman

Die Wies, near Munich: 1746-54

-church in rural Bavaria

-Zimmerman brothers design structure disappears behind decoration outside place facades intricate detail on interior

Spanish Steps

Rome, 1723-25

Revivals: Enlightenment

industrial revolution

new building types

architects respond by looking back: borrow styles from all eras and continents

anti-Baroque go classical: motivated by archeological digs too

the innovative architecture was designed by engineers

economic, political, cultural, social CHANGE

US and French Revolutions

Urban centers

Science rules

Industrial Revolution (middle class emerges) : cast iron building material

This was James Gibbs' design that was copied in the US

St. Martins in the field

Developed after American revolution copied from British architect Robert Adam

federal style

Who built the Baltimore cathedral and acknowledged as 1st professional architect?

Benjamin Latrobe

Who designed the plan of Washington DC?

Pierre Charles L'enfant