BIO120 MIDTERM 2 - LABS

i am going to lose it

Antennae, head, thorax (w/ 3 pairs of legs, 1-2 pairs of wings), abdomen

What is the general construction of an arthropod?

Any phenotypic characteristic of a creature

Define “Trait”

Noun: Any trait that improves fitness by increasing survival or reproducing - can be physical or behavioural

Verb: The process of developing such (noun)

Define “Adaptation”

heritable variation in fitness

What are the three factors required for natural selection, evolution?

Mixing of genes through sex

Define “recombination”

Relative number of offspring of an individual, compared to other individuals in the population

Define “fitness”

Gene flow, genetic drift

What are the other processes that can influence population traits?

Viability: survival, acquisition of food - Viability selection

Competition for Mates: competition for mates - Sexual selection

What are the two types of adaptations? What is the selection on these called?

• Locomotion

• Risk avoidance

• Food acquisition

• Shelter construction

• Tolerance of ambient conditions

What are some adaptations for viability?

Stylet (mosquito), Mandibles (ants), Proboscis (butterfly)

What are the different feeding mouthparts of insects?

Sexual Dimorphism

Changes in secondary sexual characteristics

Identical features, but one functioning and one not (ex. nipples)

What are the results of sexual selection?

Intrasexual competition: Males fighting for access to females, evolving for ‘weapons’

Mate choice: Many males have elaborate designs when adapting such that they fit the preferences of the opposite sex

Principles of sexual selection

Complete changes to form, lifestyle, behaviour - oftentimes gains reproductive organs, changes diet & resources

Define complete metamorphosis.

A single genotype can produce multiple phenotypes in response to an environment

Define Phenotypic Plasticity

Outwards appearance of a trait

Define “phenotype”

Morphology, behaviour, physiology

What are the three traits composing an organism’s overall phenotype?

False, phenotypic traits can be any of the three

T/F: Phenotypic traits are all three of the composing overall sections

False, genotype alleles are transferred

T/F: Phenotypes are transferred from parent to offspring

The complete genetic consitution of an organism, or the ‘blueprints’ of phenotypic traits

Define genotype

True

T/F: Phenotype can emerge from one or multiple genes

Yes

Is sickle celled anemia a trait controlled by a single gene?

Discrete: Usually controlled by a single gene, either on or off

Continuous/Quantitative/Polygenic: Multiple genes to smaller effect, can be varying degrees of functionality - can also often be related to the environment

What is the difference between discrete and continuous phenotypic traits?

The act of altering your phenotype to fit an environmental variation (to improve fitness)

Define acclimation

False, but they can acclimate

T/F: Individuals can adapt

True - acclimating is the action, phenotypic plasticity is the trait

T/F: When you acclimate, you are showing phenotypic plasticity

False, can be discrete or continuous

T/F: Phenotypic plasticity is exclusively discrete changes

The relationship between an environment and a trait that demonstrates phenotypic plasticity in a continuum

Define a reaction norm

There is some risk in inaccurately reading the environment

There is often time lag before a phenotype can be altered after a difference is sensed - Greater change = greater time lag

What is are 2 important limitations of producing new phenotypes?

False, as it is controlled by a single genotype

T/F: A phenotypically plastic trait that has been altered is heritable

Heterogenous environments

What selects for evolution of phenotypic plasticity?

Positive (+) - Interaction is beneficial for an organism

Negative (-) - Interaction is detrimental to an organism

No effect (0) - No cost nor benefit, or the costs equal the benefits

What are the three outcomes of a species interaction?

False, it is the net benefit

T/F: Only the costs or the benefits count towards the nature of an interaction

Competition - Both species compete for shelter, food, nutrients, etc.

What is a (-/-) species interaction called? What does it entail?

Mutualism - Both species benefit from an interaction

What is a (+/+) interaction called? What does it entail?

True

T/F: Animal pollination is a mutualism

Consumer-Resource - Consumer reaps benefits, resource suffers a cost (ex. plant/prey, parasite/host)

What is a (+/-) interaction called?

Leaf consumption, stem boring, leaf mining, sap sucking, petal consumption

What are the kinds of feeding modes in herbivorous insects?

Reductions in seed count, reproductive success reduced, virus transmission through insect saliva

How does plant herbivory reduce fitness?

A plant’s abilty to reduce the effects of herbivory on fitness

Define Plant Tolerance

• Resources from roots→shoots to repair shoot growth, replace lost tissue

What is an example of plant tolerance?

A trait that directly reduces damage from herbivores

What is a plant defense?

1. Flowering/leaf timing (producing leaves/flowers when herbivores are least abundant, or presenting all flowers simultaneously instead of sequentially)

2. Structural defenses (Prickles, trichomes, shells, etc.)

3. Chemical defenses (Toxins, chemicals, etc.)

What are the three categories of plant defenses?

The study of life cycles of plant, animals in relation to seasonal change

Define phenology

Small hairs that can trap herbivores, cause difficulty feeding and reproducing

what is a trichome

Constitutive: Defenses do not fluctuate significantly

Induced: Defenses are produced or increase their level of expression following damage by an herbivore

What is the difference between a constitutive and induced defense?

Polyphenol Oxidase, released into cytosol when plant is damaged. This then reacts with phenols and produces quinones, thus reducing the nutrients of the plant and damaging aminoacids

What is PPO and how does it work?

Potassium Phosphate buffer - used to maintain the pH of the soln

PVP - Absorbs phenols, prevents reaction between phenols and PPO

Triton X-100 - Detergent disrupts the chloroplast, releasing PPO into the cytosol

Caffeic acid - Phenolic compound that reacts with PPO to produce quinones

What were the chemicals used in Lab 3, and their purposes?

False, disprove null hypotheses

T/F: Hypotheses can be proven

Experimental: Using artificial changes to an environment to investigate the relationship between one factor and another

Correlational: Natural variables are used to observe the effect of one factor on another

Define experimental manipulation and correlational studies

Treatment

What is another word for variable manipulation in an experimental setting?

1. Less handling time of organisms

2. More likely to be accurate to their natural state

3. Represent biologically relevant variation

4. Experimental manipulation may not be practical, ethical

What are the advantages of a correlational study compared to an experiment?

Variables that weren’t properly eliminated that damage the validity of an experiment

Define a confounding variable

False - Controls are a population sample that remains the ‘default’, whereas controlled variables are variables that are held throughout the experiment - ex. time of day

T/F: Controlled Variables are the same thing as Controls

1. More likely to avoid confounding variables

2. We know the direction of causation

What are the advantages of experimental manipulation?

Observation → question → hypothesis + predictions → Experimental manipulations/Correlational study → collect data → Analyze → Revise hypothesis (if failed) → Interpret/communicate results (if hypothesis was not rejected)

What is each step of the Scientific Method?