Animal Science Exam 2 Quiz's and Homework

For cows in the transition phase of production, which is correct?

a) The energy of their diet is being decreases

b) The energy of their diet is being increased

c) No change in diet is expected

b) The energy of their diet is being increased

True/False: Manure at the dairy farm is scraped from the alleys and then spread on the fields immediately thereafter.

False

Over the past three decades there have been definite trends in size, scope and productivity of the US dairy industry. Which of the following statements characterize these trends? Choose all that are correct.

a) The number of cows in the US has been steadily increasing in numbers.

b) The average productivity per cow in the US has been declining.

c) The number of cows in the US has been on the decrease, and this explains the increase in total milk output in the US.

d) There are continually more farms in the US, and this explains the increase in total US milk production.

e) There has been enhanced genetic selection and management applied to cows and this in part explains the increase in total US milk production.

e) There has been enhanced genetic selection and management applied to cows and this in part explains the increase in total US milk production.

Joe is new to dairy production. Help Joe understand the basic production cycle of a cow by choosing the statements below that correctly describe typical dairy production. Choose all that are correct.

a) Cows are bred and calve at about 2 years of age.

b) Cows will milk for about 10 months at which point they are dried off (rested).

c)Calves nurse their dams, but then are removed from the cow at about 6 to 8 weeks of age, upon which the milk then is ready to be harvested.

d) Cows are milked at least twice if not three times per day in most dairies.

e) Cows can be bred at about any time during the year because they are polyestrous.

a, b, d, e

At the farm, just like any farm, we visited the phase of production that represents the transition stage of the production cycle. Which statements characterize the transition stage? Choose all that are correct.

a) The heifer calf is being developed to be bred and then gestate.

b) The cow is being dried off in order to rest.

c) The cow is preparing to calve and then enter the milking string

d) The calf is being switched from a milk replacer based diet to one of dry feeds such as concentrates and roughages.

e) In transition, the energy in the diet is being increased.

f) In transition, the energy in the diet is being decreased.

g)In transition, the diet is not essentially changed. Energy and protein levels are maintained.

h) Without proper transition practices, females develop significant metabolic disorders.

c, e, h

What does "2X, ME, 305 d." mean to a dairy farmer?

Cow's production record has been adjusted to reflect what she would have produced if she were a mature cow that has been milked two times a day for 305 days.

The comfort of cattle is paramount for enhanced milk production and health. What type of bedding is used at dairy farms such as ISU? (4 types)

straw, sand, stover, manure

What happens to the manure at dairy farms such as ISU?

extruded to separate solids from liquid portion, extruded liquid is stored in a tank and later spread on fields, extruded solid portion is composited and later spread on fields, Extruded solids are used as bedding for cows, alleys are scraped into gutters routinely to keep them clean and thus to provide more solid footing

Average production cycles per cow per lactation cycle (lbs)

22,000

Average number of days a cow is milked per cycle

305

Typical milk fat % in cow's milk

4.5

Age in weeks when a calf is weaned from fluid diet

6

Age in months of cow when she first calves

24

Why is the individual raising a newborn calf preferable to group penning strategies?

Prevention of disease spread by calf to calf contact

True or False?

A dairy calf is separated from its dam after the calf has first had the opportunity to nurse colostrum directly from that cow.

False

True or False?

In the transition phase of the dairy production cycle, the cow is being adapted to being a bred cow rather that an open cow. That is what transition means.

False

True or False?

Once pasteurized and homogenized, the milk from the farm is then loaded on the truck to be shipped to the processing plant.

False

Product Grading

X

Classes of milk are designated by differences in what characteristic?

Fat

True/False: Cutability differences between pork carcasses is partly determined by fat depth over the loin eye.

True

True/False: Cuts from the shoulder of a pork, lamb or beef carcass have more muscle groups than those from the ham, leg or round of the carcass respectively.

True

The device used to measure the surface area of the bovine longissimus dorsi cross-section (at the 12th and 13th rib) is called what?

Rib eye grid

True/False: Quality assessment in beef carcasses utilizes marbling, whereas in lamb carcasses it utilizes streaking of fat in the flank.

True

Derived Foods

X

Which of these choices is used to predict cutability?

Fat depth & Rib eye area

True/False: Fluid milk is sold and priced differentially by % protein classes in the grocery store.

False

What does a retail cut that comes from the shoulder of a pork carcass look like?

True/False: Quality and quantity are both reflected in the USDA grades of wool, just like for meat. Factors influencing quality of fleece sheared from the sheep includes fineness of fiber diameter and cleanliness of the fleece. Factors determining yield (quantity) include staple length and grease fleece weight.

True

When do the black face sheep at the farm lamb?

Early spring

Is artificial insemination possible with sheep?

Yes

Within a couple weeks of leaving the jug, what practices are performed to at least some white face commercial lambs?

Identification by ear tag, docking, and castration

True or False? At the ISU farm, after weaning, commercial white face lambs are fed a higher percent concentrate diet to encourage growth and feed efficiency. They are weaned at about 60 days of age and raised to harvest at about 130 pounds.

True

True/False: Ultrasound technology not only tells us which ewes are gestating, but we can feed those with multiple fetuses so as to prevent pregnancy toxemia.

True

How many lambs are born per cycle?

1 or 2

Birth weight of lamb (lbs)

10

Harvest weight of market lamb (lbs)

130 to 140

Estrous cycle (days) (sheep)

17

Weaning age (days) (sheep)

60

Weaning weight (lbs) (sheep)

40 to 50

gestation length (months) (sheep)

5

Female sheep

ewe

The type of reproductive cycle of a sheep

Seasonally polyestrous

Wavy nature of fiber and wool

Crimp

Name of one system of grading wool

Blood or microns or spinning count

Intact male sheep

Ram

Birthing pen for sheep

Jug

buildup of ketone bodies caused by high rates of metabolism of fat to meet fetuses' needs for energy.

Ketosis (pregnancy toxemia)

clostridial infection caused by change in diet

Overeating disease (enterotoxaemia)

encephalopathy disease caused by a prion

Scrapie

What is true about the management practice of docking a sheep? Choose all that are correct.

a) Removal of the tail several days after its birth.

b) Placing the sheep in a jug (docked) for care

c) A means of preventing fecal buildup - hence parasite control.

d) A reduction in value of a sheep (a "dock" in price).

e) Accomplished with a "bander".

a, c, e

Describe Iowa's sheep industry.

Iowa's producers are better described as farm flock operations than band flock enterprises & Most flocks in Iowa are small and part-time operations & Most sheep in Iowa are lambed in the late winter or early spring, and they are lambed indoors to protect them from harsh weather conditions.

True/False: The US sheep industry is small in size and scope. There are numerous other countries in the world that produce more sheep that the US.

True

True/False: Sheep have an estrous cycle that is called polyestrous. Just like for horses, sheep come into estrus in certain seasons of the year, in response to changes in light per day and temperature.

True

True/False: Midwest farm flocks usually are lambed indoors because the lambs are born in the late winter and early spring, and so need to be provided some protection from the weather.

True

In months, how long is the gestation length in sheep?

5

True/False: Mohair is produced from a breed of goat called "Mohair".

False

True/False: Sheep are grazers and goats are browsers. Right?

True

Poultry

X

How is persistence of lay determined?

How long the period of production is indicated by order of bleaching.

Name the most common breed of egg laying hen represented in the commercial strains at the farm.

White Leghorn

What types of egg laying facilities are represented at the farm?

Conventional (cages, lack of movement), aviary (cage free), & enriched (large space, more movement)

In what order does bleaching occur as a hen goes longer into her egg production cycle (i.e. persistency of lay)?

Vent, eye ring, ear lobe, bottom of foot, shank

Number of eggs laid in a cycle

250 to 300

Times needed to AI (artificially inseminate) a hen so that she will lay eggs

0

Weeks of age when a pullet is started in lay

18

Trimming of the comb to prevent injury in cages or from cannibalism

Dubbing

Removal of shell tooth to prevent pecking injuries to other birds

Beak trimming

Supplemental heat in confined space to raise a newly hatched chick

Brooder unit (or brooding)

A miniature version of any given breed. Not a breed by itself

Bantam

Artificial provision of heat and humidity in order to develop chicks pre-hatching

Incubation

True or False?

In comparison to other countries, the US is among countries with the largest production of poultry products.

True

The US poultry industry was described best in lecture using which of the following statements?

a) It is a highly vertically integrated industry compared to other animal agriculture industries

.

b) It is a very consolidated industry compared to other animal agriculture industries.

c) It is a very efficient industry in producing protein for humans because of innovations in genetics, mating schemes, nutrition and health care.

d) While a very large industry, is it comprised mainly by many part time family-oriented farms across the nation.

e) It enjoys a greater per-capita annual consumption of the meat produced than our other meat-animal industries.

f) Egg production is a multibillion dollar industry with more eggs produced in Iowa than other states.

a, b, c, e, f

Joe is new to working with poultry. Which of the following statements accurately help Joe understand a bit more about egg layers.

a) Pullets are grown out on a concentrate diet.

b) Pullets are started in lay at about 18 weeks of age.

c) Greater hours of light exposure per day and warmer temperatures stimulate a pullet that is of the correct age to start laying.

d) Molting is stimulated by presenting less feed energy and shorter exposure per day to light and as such are encouraged to stop laying at about 65 weeks of age for a rest.

e) Molted hens that are restarted produce less eggs at peak and less persistency than they did in their first cycle.

f) Compared to molting - it is often more cost effective to allow hens one lay cycle till about 75 weeks of age and then sell all hens from the barn to be harvested for soup or canned or process meat products.

All of the above

Which housing system allows for the most bird movement but does create some issues with eggs laid on the floor?

Aviary

Male and female turkeys are typically raised together throughout the production cycle if the objective is to harvest the birds for food.

False

Using the ISU farm as an example, or considering one that is typical, how can one describe the manner by which feeder pigs are fed?

a) ad-libitum fed to encourage maximum intake, rate of gain and feed efficiency

b) use of self-feeders so that pigs can eat on demand

c) using concentrate based diets that are ground

d) using roughage based diets fed in troughs

e) provided low energy diets to prevent pigs from getting too fat

f) feed each feeder pig individually so that it gets the nutrients it individually requires

g) fed in groups so that farm labor and equipment are most effectively used.

a, b, c, g

Number of pigs per littler

10

Estrous cycle (in days) (swine)

21

Weight of a pig at birth (in pounds)

3

Gestation length (in days, swine)

114

Rate of gain (lbs. per day) in the finishing unit (swine)

1.6 to 2.0

Dressing percent (% of the live weight which is the carcass) (swine)

74

Finished weight of market hog (pounds)

275

Weight of feeder pig as it leaves the nursery

50

Why are typical contemporary commercial swine operations often called or described as "all-in, all-out" operations? Choose all that are correct.

a) healthier for the herd

b) allows for swine to move indoors if weather is bad.

c) promotes biosecurity

d) facilitates better cash flow for the business

a, c, d

Our US Swine industry is best described as . . .

one that leans on highly designed breeding programs that produce productive pigs with tremendous feed efficiency & a very large industry that is more vertically integrated and consolidated than our beef or sheep industries, and with production work focused mainly in large-scaled, efficiently run operations

Mature female that has farrowed

Sow

a pig that enters the finishing phase of production

Feeder

castrated male pig

Barrow

young female pig that has not yet farrowed

Gilt

Probably no animal industry elicits more anthropomorphic reactions to management systems than the swine industry. According to our discussions in this class, why is this likely the case?

gestation and farrowing stalls restrict movement of the pig for an extended period of time & many citizens are not familiar with swine behavior and swine production systems

What was the point of the nursery?

to transition piglets to the group setting in which they will be raised in the finishing unit. and to mix groups of piglets at a time when agonistic behavior will have minimal effects on penmates.

When we process baby pigs we do what at the ISU farm?

administer supplemental iron to prevent anemia, trim (clip) the tips of the "needle teeth", individually identify the pigs by ear notching, dock the tails to reduce future tail biting and therefore infections

True/False: The US beef industry represents a significant part of the US economy?

True

Like commercial herds in Iowa, in what seasons do we calve cows at ISU?

Spring and fall

What is the primary source of feed offered the cows in the months following calving time?

Pasture

Name one of the two breeds of cattle raised at the ISU farm. Remember that breed names are always capitalized.

Angus and Simmental

True/False: A weaned calf weighs about 600 pounds and is typically weaned about about 7 months of age (205 days on average, actually).

True

True/False: A 'green tag' calf is one that has been vaccinated, castrated and dehorned prior to weaning, and has been weaned at least 30 days prior to being sold to feedlots. The green tag signifies in part that these procedures have been followed properly.

True

Define feeder calf

A post-weaned calf that is ready to or has just entered the feedlot stage of production