Public Health Midterms

Adverse Effect

A noxious and unintended response to a medicine occurring at normal therapeutic doses, used for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of disease.

Types of ADR

Categories include Augmented (Dose-related), Bizarre (Non Dose Related), Chronic or Continuous (Dose Related and Time Related), Delayed (Lag time), Ending of Use (Withdrawal), and Failure of efficacy (no response).

Side Effects

Any unintended effect of a pharmaceutical product at normal therapeutic dose related to its pharmacological properties.

Serious Adverse Effect

An untoward medical occurrence resulting in death, hospital admission, prolonged stay, disability, or life-threatening situations.

Causality

The probability that a particular medicine is responsible for an isolated effect of an ADR.

Signal

Reported information on a possible causal relationship between an adverse event and medicine, often unknown or incompletely documented.

Drug Re-introduce

Reintroducing a drug with unique benefits and manageable risks.

Drug Utilization Review

A program reviewing and analyzing drug use patterns against predetermined standards.

Types of Hypothesis

Includes Null negative, Accept or Reject, and Hypothesis Testing.

Aims of Pharmacoepidemiology

Signal Generation, Risk Quantification, and Reasons for Performing Studies.

Applications of Pharmacoepidemiology

Estimation of drug use risks, patient counseling, public health policy formulation, and economic evaluation.

Research Methods

Cross-sectional study, Case-control study, Cohort study, and Clinical trials.

Sources of Data

Institutional record systems, National databases, Field data, and Experimental data.

Problem Solving with Pharmacoepidemiology

Addressing medical and nonmedical drug use, health outcomes, and drug-related issues.

Health

Defined as complete physical, mental, and social well-being, influenced by socioeconomic factors and the environment.

Global Challenges

Include Globalization, Urbanization, Poverty, Socioeconomic Inequality, Food Insecurity, Environmental Degradation, and Demographic Transition.

Health Inequality Monitoring

Monitoring health inequalities to evaluate health inequity and inform policies to reduce health disparities.

Health Inequalities

Disparities in health outcomes that arise from social disparities.

Equity Stratifies

Categories used to differentiate groups and individuals based on social conditions like socioeconomic status, education, place of residence, race, occupation, gender, and religion.

Mortality Rate

The number of deaths due to a disease divided by the total population.

Crude Death Rate

The number of deaths in a given period divided by the population exposed to the risk of death in that period.

Specific Mortality Rates

Rates calculated for specific groups by dividing the number of deaths in a specified group by the midyear population of the same group.

Cause-of-Death Rate

The number of deaths from a specific cause divided by the midyear population, multiplied by a factor.

Infant Mortality Ratio

The number of deaths under 1 year old divided by the number of live births in the same year, multiplied by 100.

Maternal Mortality Ratio

The number of maternal deaths divided by the number of live births, multiplied by 100.

Case Fatality Rate

The proportion of cases that end up fatally, calculated by dividing the number of deaths from a specified cause by the number of cases of the same disease, multiplied by 100.

Morbidity Rate

The rate at which an illness or disease occurs within a population, calculated by dividing the number of cases of a disease in a specific period by the total population during the same period, multiplied by 100.