Taxonomy of Microorganisms

Taxonomy

organizes, identifies, describes, and names organisms based on shared characteristics

Carolus Linnaeus

He established the hierarchy system of classification, including kingdom, class, order, family, genus, and species.

• Evolutionary

• Genetic

• Biochemical

Modern phylogenies use ____, ___, ____, and other evidences to determine the relationships among organisms.

• Identification

• Classification

• Nomenclature

• Organization of biodiversity

• Revealing relationships

What are the Primary functions of taxonomy?

Identification

Determines the identity of an organism

Classification

Groups organisms based on shared characteristics and relationships

Nomenclature

Provides a standardized scientific name for organisms

Organization of biodiversity

Arrange the vast diversity of organisms into manageable groups.

Revealing relationships

Help show evolutionary and genetic relationship among organisms

Phylogenetic Relationship

Describes how organisms are evolutionarily related through common ancestors.

Cladogram

Visualization of a phylogenetic relationship

Phylogeny

Evolutionary history and relationships among organisms.

Carolus Linnaeus

He developed a new way to categorize plants and animals

Ernst Haeckel

He wrote General Morphology of organisms, proposing four kingdoms.

Robert Whittaker

He proposed adding a fifth kingdom-fungi- to the tree of life.

• Cell type

• Organization

• Mode of nutrition

• Evolutionary relationships inc. reproduction

Robert proposed to classify organisms based on:

• Animalia

• Plantae

• Fungi

• Protists

• Monera

Five kingdoms of organisms

Plants

Are eukaryotic, multicellular, photosynthesize, non-motile, sexual

Animals

Are eukaryotic, multicellular, ingest, motile, sexual

Fungi

Are eukaryotic, multicellular, absorb, non-motile, sexual

Protists

Are eukaryotic, may be unicellular or multicellular, absorb, ingest or photosynthesize, sexual or asexual

Monera

Are prokaryotic, unicellular, absorb or photosynthesize, non-motile or motile, asexual

• Carl Woese

• George Fox

Who proposed the Woese-Fox:Three- Domain System

• Bacteria

• Archaea

• Eukarya

What are the three domains of life.

Bacteria

Ancestral prokaryotic

Archaea + Bacteria

Contributed to the evolution of Eukarya

Mitochondria

Originated from an a-proteobacterium

Chloroplasts

Originated from a cyanobacterium

Endosymbiotic Theory

Theory that contribute to the diversification of eukaryotic life

• Thermophiles

• Methanogenss

• Halophiles

Example of Archaea

• Brown algae

• Red algae

Example of Protoctista

• Purple bacteria

• Phototropic bacteria

Example of Eubacteria

Eukaryotes

Cell type that has a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Sexually or asexually

Reproduction of Eukaryotes

Cilia and Flagella

Enable movement for Eukaryotes

Cytoskeleton

Comple DNA is linear, histone associated, and supported by a ____

Prokaryotes

Cell type that has no true nucleus or membrane bound organelles

Nucleoid

In prokaryotes, DNA is in the ____

• Binary Fission

• Exchange genes

• Conjugation

• Transformation

• Transduction

Reproduction of Prokaryotes

• Type of cell

• Cell Structure

• Mode of Nutrition

• DNA structure

System of Classification of Microbes

Type of cell

Classified as prokaryotic (no true nucleus, e.g., bacteria and archaea) or eukaryotic (has a true nucleus, e.g., fungi, protozoa, and algae).

• Bacteria

• Archaea

Examples of Prokaryotes

• Fungi

• Protozoa

• Algae

Examples of Eukaryotes

Cell Structure

Based on structures such as the cell wall, membrane-bound organelles, nucleus, flagella, and cytoskeleton. These features help distinguish major microbial groups.

• Cell wall

• Membrane bound organelles

• Nucleus

• Flagella

• Cytoskeleton

Features that help distinguish major microbial groups

Mode of Nutrition

Classified according to how microbes obtain energy and nutrients. They may be autotrophs (produces their own food via photosynthesis or chemosynthesis) or heterotrophs (obtains nutrients from organic matter).

Autotrophs

produces their own food via photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

Heterotrophs

obtains nutrients from organic matter

DNA Structure

Examines the shape, organization, and arrangement of genetic material. Prokaryotes generally have a circular chromosome, while eukaryotes typically have multiple linear chromosomes associated with histone proteins.

• Circular

• Linear

Prokaryotes generally have a _____ chromosome, while eukaryotes typically have multiple _____ chromosomes associated with histone proteins

Prokaryota

Domain of Shigella genus

Bacteria

Regnum of Shigella genus

Proteobacteria

Phylum of Shigella genus

Y

Class of shigella genus

Entrobacteriales

Order of Shigella Genus

Enterobacteriaceae

Family of Shigella Genus

• Shigella Boydii

• Shigella Sonnei

• Shigella Flexneri

Species of Shigella genus

Bacteria

unicellular, no nucleus, peptidoglycan cell wall, divides by binary fission, they may possess flagella, use wide range of chemical, substances, has 3 major basic shapes

Binary fission

Bacteria divides through ______

3

Bacteria has ___ major basic shapes

Peptidoglycan

Bacteria has ____ cell wall

• Disease

• Decomposition

• Fermentation

• Biotechnology

Bacteria is known for

• Coccus

• Basillus

• Vibrio

• Coccobasillus

• Spirillum

• Spirochete

6 Examples of Bacteria

Archaea

Are prokaryotic cells with no peptidoglycan cell walls

Archaea

Known for survival in extreme environments and methane production

• Methanogens

• Halophiles

• Acidophiles

• Thermophiles

4 Examples of Archaea

Methanococcus janaschii

a coccus form with numerous flagella attached to one side

Methanothermus fervid

a short bacillus form without flagella

Methanosarcina barkeri

a lobed coccus form lacking flagella

Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum

an elongate bacillus form

Fungi

Are eukaryotic cells that are mostly multicellular and have chin cell walls

Chemoheterotrophs

Fungi are absorptive ____ that develop from spores

• Decomposition

• Yeast

• Mold

• Antibiotics

Fungi are known for?

• Animalia

• Basidiomycota

• Ascomycota

• Glomeromycota

• Zygomycota

• Chytridiomycota

6 Examples of Fungi

Protozoa

Are unicellular eukaryotes that are mostly heterotrophic.

• absorption

• ingestion

Protozoa Obtain nourishment by ___ or ___ through specialized structures.

• Movement

• Aquatic ecosystems

• some diseases

Protozoa are known for

• Apicomplexa

• Ciliophora

• Sarcomastigophora

Example phylum of Protozoans

• Amoeba proteus

• Tetrahymena

• Vorticella

3 Example species of Protozoa

Algae

Are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that are plant like protist

Photosynthesis

Algae obtain nourishment by ______

• oxygen

• carbohydrates

Algae produce ___ and ____ that re used vy other organisms

• Photosynthesis

• Aquatic food webs

• Algal blooms

Algae are known for

• Chlorophyta

• Phaeophyta

• Pyrrophyta

• Chrysophyta

4 Example of Division of algae

• Chlorophyceae

• Bacillariophyceae

• Dinophyceae

3 Example classes of Algae

• Centrales

• Pennales

• Fucales

3 example orders of Algae

Viruses

parasites of cells that are not places in a kingdom

Nucleic acid

Viruses consist of a ____ surrounded by a protein coat

• Infectious diseases

• Vaccines

• Gene therapy

Viruses are known for

• Parvoviruses

• Poxviruses

• Adenoviruses

3 examples of DNA viruses

• Retroviruses

• Reoviruses

• Coronaviruses

3 Examples of RNA viruses

Helminths

are multicellular parasites with worm like body plan and can be seen with the naked eye.

• Parasitic infections

• Disease transmission

Helminths are known for

• Nemathelminths

• Platyhelminths

Phylum of Helminths

• Nematodes

• Trematodes

• Cestodes

3 Examples of Helminths

• Ascaris

• Hookworms

• Schistosoma

• Fasciola

• Taena solium

5 example genuses of Helminths

Binomial System

The genus is capitalized, the species is lowercase, and both are italicized.

International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology

Binomial system for bacteria

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature

Binomial system for algae, plants, fungi

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

Binomial system for animals and some protozoans