Psych 240 Exam#4 - UNR - Dr.Blair

Why We Use Surveys

goal is to get reliable and valid information

Mail Surveys

written, administered, sent to postal respondents

Internet Surveys

wide and cheap distribution, automatic data coding

Group Administered Surveys

survey given to group already present

Telephone Surveys

higher response rate; more social pressure, able to establish connection

Personal Interviews

no need too use list or directory, higher response rate, can have more in depth information

Layout of Questions

appearence matters; should be easy and interesting

Funnel Structure

start general, then move to specific questions

Branching

determine which questions to ask based on previous responses

Filter Questions

determine which following questions will or will not apply to participant

Open-Ended Questions

free answer, short answer, essay etc.

Closed Questions

possible responses are provided

Loaded Question

include terms that are emotionally loaded, often show observer bias

Leading Questions

suggest that there is a particular desired response; organization of questions can also be leading

Double-Barreled Questions

any questions to which a single person could have two separate answers

Reliability

does it provide consistent results

Alternative-Forms Reliability

how well do 2 versions of the same test yield different results

Split Half Reliability

entire assessment aims to measure one thing; compare agreement between two halves of the test

Validity

you are measuring what you intended to measure

Face Validity

common sense measure, does it seem like your test actually measures what you intended

Construct Validity

the extent to which the concepts you intend to measure are actually measured

Sampling Frame

list of all members from population; sample is chosen from the frame

Elements

individuals that make up sample

Systemic Sampling

choose elements according to particular plan or strategy

Stratified Sampling

used to guarantee that the sample will be representative of specific population characteristics

Quota Sampling

combines stratified and convienvence

Snow Ball Sampling

each participant recruits more participants

Nomothetic Research

conducted on groups in attempts to identify general laws and principles of behavior

Idiographic Research

conducted to study the behavior of an individual

Case Studies

descriptions of a individual and their experiences; do not particularly involved a variable being manipulated

Single Subject Design

individual results; replication for generalizability

Baseline Measures

taken of the dependent variable before any manipulation

Stable Baseline

multiple measures of the Dependent varaible are similiar when no Independent varaible has been introduced

Varaible Baseline

changed in dependent varaible across multiple measures

Withdrawal Design

measurments of dependent varaiable take before during and after manipulation

Reversal Design

baseline > intervention > opposite intervention

Alternating Treatments Design

baseline > treatment 1 > treatment 2

Changing-Criterion Design

criterion to encounter intervention changes overtime

History

something happens during design

Maturation

natural changes in people overtime

Instrumentation

inconsistent measurements from instruments

Nonreactive Measures

used to collect data without asking for it and overcome response problems

Physical Trace Measures

artifacts left by persons indicative of some activity or characteristic

Archival Data

data that were collected in the past, usually for a purpose other than research

Accretion Measures

research method that involves observing and analyzing the gradual accumulation of physical traces or evidence left behind by a person's behavior over time

Erosion Measures

assessment of a gradual decline or deterioration in a psychological state

Natural Trace Measures

researchers collect data by observing physical evidence left behind by individuals in their natural environment, without actively interacting with them