AP World Unit 1

Song China (1.1)

Song China replaced Tang Dynasty in 960 for over 3 centuries. They had an imperial bureaucracy who carried out the emperor's policies. It helped Song China expand and strengthen.

Civil Service Exam (1.1)

Many Chinese dynasties had a civil service exam to elect bureaucratic elites. Young men who took these exams were able to increase their status. The exam tested men on Confucian texts

Meritocracy in China (1.1)

Song China's bureaucracy was based on merit. The government employed bureaucratic elites based on their abilities. This is why they had a civil service exam

Grand Canal in China (1.1)

It was an inexpensive and efficient internal waterway transportation system that extended over 30,000 miles. Expanding the canal enabled China, under the Song Dynasty, to become the most populous trading area.

Gun Powder-China (1.1)

Although gun powder was created in previous dynasties, but Song China was the first empire to create guns. Over centuries, guns and gunpowder spread from China to all parts of Europe due to the Silk Roads

Champa Rice (1.1)

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. It was from the Champa Kingdom in present day Vietnam and given as tribute. It helped China increase in population from around 25% of the world to 40%

paper money in china (1.1)

The use of paper money was initiated by merchants to avoid carrying strings of coins in long distances

Printing in China (1.1)

Chinese craftsmen had developed a way to mass produce books by carving words and pictures in wooden blocks, inking them, and then pressing paper onto the blocks. Effects: increased literacy and dropped prices on books

Compass (1.1)

device used for maritime navigation

Iron and Steel (1.1)

In the Song Dynasty, it was largely produced. The army was a big consumer-steel tip arrows, iron armor, steel swords

porcelain (1.1)

highly desired because it was light weight yet strong

Filial Piety(1.1)

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.

Mandate of Heaven (1.1)

in Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority

Neo-Confucianism (1.1)

The Confucian response to Buddhism by taking Confucian and Buddhist beliefs and combining them into this. However, it is still very much Confucian in belief.

Foot-binding (1.1)

Chinese practice of tightly wrapping girls' feet to keep them small, begun in the Tang dynasty; an emphasis on small size and delicacy was central to views of female beauty.

Junk (1.1)

A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.

Theravada Buddhism (1.1)

Focused on spiritual growth through silent meditation and self-discipline. Became very popular in Southeast Asia

Mahayana Buddhism (1.1)

Focused on spiritual growth for all beings and on service. Became popular in China and Korea

Tibetan Buddhism (1.1)

Focused on chanting and became popular in Tibet

Dar al-Islam (1.2)

an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule

Heian Japan

Period in which Japanese emperors lost their true power and became figureheads; Chinese culture was prevailed over Japanese

Mamluks (1.2)

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)

Seljuk Turks

nomadic people from central Asia who converted to Islam and took command of the empire in 1055

Abbassid Caliphate

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbassids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258

Delhi Sultanate

Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders.

House of Wisdom

a center of learning established in Baghdad in the 800s

Bhakti Movement

Indian movement that attempted to transcend the differences between Hinduism and Islam

Slavery in Islam

Although Islam allowed slavery, Muslims could not enslave other Muslims. They imported slaves from Africa, present day Ukraine/Russia, and Central Asia. Many slaves converted into Islam after they were free.

Khmer Empire

Land based empire in South East Asia

Srivijaya Empire

A maritime empire that controlled the Sunda strait the strait of Malacca between India and China. Their control strengthened trade routes to China, India, and even Arabia

Vijayanagar Kingdom

Hindu kingdom that dominated Southern India

Started by Harihara and Bukka, two Hindu leaders who came from Delhi Sultanate. Muslim Kingdoms overthrew it

Rajput Kingdoms

Set of kingdoms in India who were in war with each other. There was no centralized government since they were all divided by clans. Because of this they were vulnerable to Muslim attacks

Hinduism vs Islam

Hinduism: polytheistic, temples filled with artworks of deities, hierarchical caste system, several sacred texts

Islam: monotheistic, one sacred text which was the Quran, no visual representation of Allah, equality for everyone

Majapahit

13th-16th C. central Java, rose in the wake of mongol invasions. biggest and most powerful SE Asian island state in history. control almost all of what is today Indonesia. golden age of Java culture.

Mayans

A Mesoamerican civilization of Central America and southern Mexico. Achievements include mathematics, architecture, and a 365 day a year calendar. Each Mayan King claimed to be descended from a god. There wasn't a centralized government but usually the strongest city state would dominate its neighbor. Declined due to Drought and deforestation

Aztecs

Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods, land, and labor as a tax. Declined due to European disease and Spanish attacks

Inca

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. They didn't have the tribute system but they had the mit'a system, mandatory public service. declined from european disease and spanish attacks

Hausa Kingdom

People of the Hausa Ethnic group formed seven states called the Hausa Kingdoms. They established prospering city-states where each group had a specialty

Mali

Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.

Great Zimbabwe

A stone-walled enclosure found in Southeast Africa. Have been associated with trade, farming, and mining.

Ethiopia

Prospered by trading goods from Arabia, India, and Roman Empire. Christianity was also spread to Ethiopia

Feudalism

A system of exchanges of land for loyalty. Because of Europe's lack of a strong government, they had feudalism to protect from bandits/invaders

manorial system

Provided economic self-sufficiency and defense; small villages that included a church, a blacksmith shop, a mill, presses, and homes