upper extremity muscles, digestive system, urinary system , axial muscles, respiratory system, nerves, Upper Extremity Bones and Joints

what nerve innervates the trapezius muscle?

Spinal accessory - CN X1

what artery supplies the trapezius muscle?

transverse cervical artery

what nerve innervates the latissimus dorsi?

thoracodorsal nerve

what nerve innervates the levator scapular and rhomboids?

dorsal scapular nerve

what nerves innervate the pectoralis major?

medial and lateral pectoral nerves

what nerve innervates the serratus anterior?

long thoracic nerve

what is a clinical consequence of long thoracic nerve injury?

winged scapula (due to serratus anterior dysfunction)

what nerve innervates the deltoid?

axillary nerve

what nerve innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus?

subscapular nerve

what nerve innervates teres major?

subscapular

what nerve innervates the triceps brachii and aconeous?

radial

which muscle is most commonly torn in rotator cuff injuries?

supraspinatus

which muscle initiates abduction of the arm before the deltoid takes over?

supraspinatus

what. results from injury to the axillary nerve?

deltoid paralysis and impaired abduction

what muscles is tested in winged scapula exam?

serratus anterior

What are the main organs of the alimentary canal?

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus.

What are the accessory digestive organs?

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

What are the six major digestive processes?

Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, defecation.

What is peristalsis?

A series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

What is segmentation in digestion?

Local contractions of the small intestine that mix food with digestive juices.

What is the function of saliva?

Cleans mouth, dissolves food for taste, moistens food, begins chemical digestion of starch.

the three salivary glands.

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

What are the parts of a tooth?

Crown, neck, root, enamel, dentin, pulp.

What enzyme in saliva breaks down starch?

salivary amylase

What is the uvula and what does it do?

A small projection at the back of the soft palate; prevents food from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing.

What structure keeps the tongue attached to the floor of the mouth?

The lingual frenulum.

What is the oral cavity bounded by?

lips, cheeks, palate, tongue

What are deciduous teeth and how many are there?

Baby teeth; there are 20.

How many permanent teeth do adults have?

32

What is the function of the esophagus?

Transports food from the pharynx to the stomach using peristalsis.

what is the main function of the urinary system?

filter body fluids and remove waste

how much fluid do the kidneys filter each day?

about 200 liters

what does the urinary system regulate beside waste removal?

fluid balance and acide-base balance.

what does the term "renal" refer to?

kidneys

what are the main parts of the urinary system?

kidneys, ureters, nephrons, bladder, urethra

where are the kidneys located?

between T12 and L3 vertebrae, partially protected b y ribs 11 and 12

what is the hilum of the kidney?

the medial flat portion where vessels ureter enter/exit

what sits on top of each kidney?

adrenal (suprarenal) gland

what are the three major internal regions of the kidney?

cortex (outer), medulla (middle), pelvis (inner collecting area)

what is the renal pyramid?

cone-shaped tissue with collecting ducts and capillaries

what are renal colums?

cortical tissue between pyramids with vessels.

what is a renal lobe?

a pyramid and its surrounding column tissue

what is the renal papilla?

the tips of the pyramid where urine exits into the calyx.

what is the renal pelvis?

funnel-shaped tube that collects urine and connects to the ureter.

what percentage of cardiac output goes to the kidneys?

about 25%

list the order of renal arteries

Renal → Segmental → Interlobar → Arcuate → Interlobular → Afferent arterioles.

what vessels carry blood away from nephrons?

efferent arterioles

what is the nephrons?

the functional unit of the kidney

what are the two parts of the renal corpuscle?

glomerulus and bowman's capsule

What does the proximal convoluted tubule do?

Reabsorbs nutrients and fluid; leaves waste as urine.

What part of the nephron enters the collecting duct?

Distal convoluted tubule.

Where does the collecting duct drain?

Into the renal pelvis via the papilla and calyces.

What do the ureters do?

Transport urine from kidneys to bladder.

what is the bladder?

muscular sac that stores urine

what muscle surrounds the bladder?

detrusor muscle

what is the urethra?

A muscular tube that expels urine from the body.

what causes kidney stones?

Low fluids, animal protein, sugar, sodium, low calcium, etc.

What are symptoms of kidney stones?

Severe pain, nausea, vomiting, blood in urine

How are kidney stones treated?

NSAIDs, opioids, hydration, surgery in extreme cases.

What do the ovaries produce?

Eggs (ova), estrogen, and progesterone.

Where does fertilization usually occur?

fallopian tubes

What is the function of the uterus?

Receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized egg.

What are the three layers of the uterus?

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

What is the cervix?

The lower, narrow part of the uterus.

what is the vagina also called?

birth canal

Where are the testes located?

In the scrotum outside the abdominal cavity.

What does the epididymis do?

stores sperms until ejaculation

What is the function of the vas deferens?

Transports sperm from epididymis to prostate.

What does the prostate do?

Produces fluid that activates sperm.

What forms semen?

Prostate fluid + seminal vesicle fluid + sperm.

What causes erection in the penis?

Blood filling the corpus cavernosa.

what nerve innervates all facial muscles?

facial nerve (CN VII)

What does the epicranius do?

raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead

What does the obicularis oculi do?

closes eye, blinking, squinting, draws eyebrows down

what is the function of the zygomatic major?

raises corners of mouth (smiling muscle); can cause dimples

what is the function of the buccinator?

Compresses cheek (whistling, sucking), keeps food between teeth, helps with smiling.

What does the orbicularis oris do?

closes lips, helps with kissing, whistling, and air control

What nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

what does the temporalis muscle do?

closes jaw, retracts mandible

what does the masseter muscle do?

elevates the jaw; main chewing muscle

what does the medial pterygoid do?

elevates and moves the jaw side to side

what does the lateral pterygoid do?

protracts jaw and assist in grinding movements

what nerve innervates the tongue muscles?

Hypoglossal (XII)

What does the styloglossus do?

retracts tongue

What does the hyoglossus do?

pulls tongue downward

what does the genioglossus do?

pushes tongue out of the mouth

what does the platysma do?

Draws down lower lip, tenses neck, helps depress mandible.

what nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoic (SCM)?

accessory nerve

actions of sternocleidomastoid

Bilaterally: flex head, raise thorax Unilaterally: turns face toward opposite side

what muscles lift the first two ribs and help with neck rotation?

scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior)

what passes between the anterior and middle scalenes?

brachial plexus

What is torticollis?

SCM spasm causing head tilt to one side and chin toward shoulder

what does the splenius capitis do?

Unilaterally:

Rotate the head and neck to the same side

Laterally flex the head and neck to the same side

Bilaterally:

Extend the head and neck

what does the splenius cervicis do?

extend neck

which movements involve both splenius muscles working together.

extending the neck/head (looking up)

what are the three parts of the eractor spinae group?

iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

what does the quadratus lumborum do?

stabilizes spine and helps with lateral flexion of the trunk

what does the multifidus do?

stabilizes vertebrae during movement, deep back muscle.

what are the main functions of the respiratory system?

supply oxygen, remove carbon dioxide, filter/warm/moisten air, and assist with speech and smell

what body system works with respiratory system for gas exchange?

circulatory system