Chapter 2: Pharmaceutical Aids and Necessities (uses)

Boric Acid

must contain n.l.t. 99.5% and n.m.t. 100% of ___________ calculated as an anhydrous form

Boric Acid

solutions, ointments, and dusting powder as an antiseptic; weak bacteriostatic agent

Boric Acid

can be used as an eyewash, buffer in ophthalmic solutions and preparations like Aluminum Acetate Solution USP and Aluminum Subacetate Solution

suppository base

When boric acid is reacted with glycerin, it produces a compound known as Boroglycerin Glycerite NF which is a ___________.

NO, it is toxic

Can boric acid be taken internally?

Hydrochloric Acid NF

its primary chemical use as categorized by NF is an acidifying agent

Hydrochloric Acid NF

capable of reacting with organic molecules that are weekly basic to form usually water-soluble hydrochloride salts; utilized to convert normay water-insoluble organic bases into a water-soluble form for the extraction/other separation purposes

hygroscopic

One disadvantage of Hydrochlorides is that they are _________________

pepsinogen into pepsins and proteids into peptones

Diluted hydrochloric acid exists in the normal gastric juice aiding in the conversion of _______________________________ and as a gastric antiseptic.

Diluted hydrochloric acid

valuable in certain forms of indigestion, especially in those conditions of gastric achlorhydria (absence of hydrochloric acid) and hypochlorhydria (deficiency of hydrochloric acid) usually given in doses of 1-10 cc, highly diluted with water, supplied through a glass tube or straw

nitrating and oxidating

Although the acidic properties of nitric acid are similar to those of hydrochloric acid, its ________________________________________ are a unique dimension to its use.

Nitric Acid NF

used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, cool tar dyes, and explosives

Nitric Acid NF

used as a nitrating agent in Pyroxylin USP as a source of nitrate ion in the preparation of the milk of bismuth

Nitric Acid NF

externally used to destroy chancres and warts

Phosphoric Acid NF

can be treated with sodium hydroxide at a particular concentrations which serve as the basic and acidic species of the phosphate buffer system

Phosphoric Acid NF

solvent in the preparation of Anileridine Injection NF

Diluted Phosphoric Acid

used as a tonic and stimulant to the gastric mucous membranes, acts as synergistic to pepsin, and aids in the formulation of peptones

Sulfuric Acid NF

chemically employed as a strong diprotic acid, which can be utilized to form salts of basic organic drug molecules

Strong Ammonia Solution NF

used as a Bronsted base in many applications to form ammonium salt of acids

Strong Ammonia Solution NF

used in the preparation of Aromatic Ammonia Spirit NF, where it serves as the source of ammonia to stabilize the ammonium carbonate against hydrolysis and in the preparation of Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate Solution NF

Diluted Ammonia Solution

also known as ammonia water or household ammonia that is employed as a circulatory stimulant by inhalation of vapors and used externally as a counter-irritant

Calcium Hydroxide USP

used medicinally as a fluid electrolyte and as topical astringent

Potassium Hydroxide

used as a caustic in veterinary practice

Potassium Hydroxide NF

in official preparations, it is used as a saponifying agent to hydrolyze esters of fatty acids into their constituent alcohols and potassium salt

Sodium Hydroxide NF

used in the same way as KOH but is less deliquescent, milder, and cheaper; used in industrial purposes

Sodium Carbonate NF

should not be given internally because of its marked alkalinity and irritating properties; used for basicity in pharmaceutical preparations where it will form sodium salts of acidic drugs

Sodium Borate NF

is a weak bacteriostatic agent used in mouthwashes, oral hygiene products and treatment of ulcers that affect the mouth

Sodium Borate NF

used as a medicated eyewash when the mucosa is irritated by certain acids

Hypophosphorous Acid

used as an antioxidant; prevents the formation of free iodine in diluted hydroiodic acid and acid; in Ferrous Iodide Syrup NF, it prevents the formulation of both ferric ions and molecular iodide

Sodium Hypophosphite

used as a preservative in certain foods

Ammonium Hypophosphite

found in many preservatives in preparations

Hypophosphorus Acid NF

should never be tritiated with oxidizing agents such as nitrates, chlorates, or permanganates

Sulfur Dioxide NF

antioxidant pharmaceutic aid that shield compounds from oxidation through reaction with oxygen or reduction of an oxidized product to its normal oxidation state

Sulfur Dioxide NF

used in injectables stored in single- or multiple-dose vials

Sulfur Dioxide NF

used in bleaching wood pulp, fumigating grains, and arresting fermentation

Sodium Metabisulfite NF/Sodium Bisulfite NF

used exclusively as an antioxidant; found in acidic solutions of drugs that contain the phenol or catechol nucleus to prevent oxidation of the compounds to quinones

Sodium Metabisulfite NF/Sodium Bisulfite NF

found in ascorbic acid injections as a reducing agent

Sodium Metabisulfite NF/Sodium Bisulfite NF

used to prepare water-soluble derivatives of normally insoluble drugs

Nitrogen NF

used as an inert atmosphere to retard oxidation in oxidation-sensitive products cod liver oil, olive oil, and multiple vitamin preparations

Nitrogen NF

used to replace air in containers for parenteral and solutions for topical applications

Nitrogen NF

used to retard oxidation in the qualitative test for carbon monoxide

Purified Water USP

water obtained by repeated distillation or water treatment through ion exchange bearing the properties of purity against harmful substances; sterile; pyrogen-free; ideal for extemporaneous compounding and USP test reagents preparations

Water for Injection USP

purified water by distillation that is primarily used in the preparation of parenteral solutions as a solvent

Sterile Water for Injection USP

also known as Water for Injection sterilized; utilized for extemporaneous compounding or parenteral for intravenous or intramuscular injection that is usually stored in single-dose containers that do not exceed 1000 mL in size

Sterile Water for Inhalation USP

produced from sterilized and apply stored and packed water for injection; free from antimicrobial agents, except those used in humidifiers or other similar devices where contamination may take place; mainly used in inhalation therapy, excluding parenteral administration; stored in type I and II glass and plastic containers

Sterile Water for Irrigation USP

prepared from Water for Injection and stored in type I and II glass and plastic containers and designed to empty rapidly

Bacteriostatic Water for Injection USP

referred to as Sterile Water for Injection that contains one/more suitable antimicrobial agent usually Benzyl Alcohol; not for neonates and intravenous administrations; compounding small volumes of parenteral for intramuscular injection

Type I Glass

highly resistant borosilicate glassT

Type II Glass

treated soda-lime glass

Type III Glass

soda-lime glass

Type IV glass

general soda-lime glass