Introduction to Animal Science - Nutrients, Digestion, Feedstuff, Genetics, Reproduction, Lactation

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from 'Introduction to Animal Science (6th Edition)' lecture notes, including nutrients, digestion processes, feedstuff classifications, genetics, reproduction, and lactation.

Nutrition

The study of how the body uses nutrients in feed to sustain life and promote growth, reproduction, and production.

Classes of Nutrients

Water, Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals.

Digestion Process (Pig)

Begins with prehension and mastication; salivary amylase starts carbohydrate digestion. The stomach uses acid and enzymes; the small intestine completes digestion and absorbs nutrients. The pancreas secretes enzymes and insulin.

Digestion Process (Ruminants)

Involves four stomach compartments: rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum. Microbes in the rumen ferment cellulose into volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The abomasum functions like a monogastric stomach.

Digestion Process (Avian/Chickens)

Food enters the crop for storage, then the proventriculus for chemical digestion, followed by the gizzard for mechanical breakdown. Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine.

Digestion Process (Horse)

Similar to pigs in the foregut. The cecum and colon host microbial fermentation of fiber, producing VFAs for energy.

Dry Forages & Roughages

Feedstuff class including hay, straw, fodder, characterized by >18% crude fiber and low energy.

Pastures, Range Plants & Green Forages

Feedstuff class including fresh grass and legumes, characterized by high moisture and variable protein.

Silages

Feedstuff class of fermented forages like corn silage, providing moderate energy and preserved nutrients.

Energy Feeds

Feedstuff class including corn, oats, barley, characterized by <20% protein and high in starch.

Protein Supplements

Feedstuff class including soybean meal and fish meal, characterized by >20% crude protein.

Mineral & Vitamin Supplements

Feedstuff class including bone meal, fish oil, and premixes, providing essential micronutrients.

Nonnutritive Additives

Substances like antibiotics, flavors, or ionophores used to enhance feed efficiency or health.

Mitosis

Cell division for growth/repair, resulting in identical cells.

Meiosis

Cell division that produces gametes and halves the chromosome number.

Alleles

Variants of a gene.

Locus

The specific location of a gene on a chromosome.

Homozygous

Having the same alleles for a particular gene.

Heterozygous

Having different alleles for a particular gene.

Codominance

A genetic phenomenon where both alleles for a gene are expressed.

Epistasis

A genetic phenomenon where one gene affects the expression of another gene.

Dominant Allele

An allele that is expressed over a recessive allele.

Recessive Allele

An allele that is masked unless it is homozygous.

Inbreeding

A mating system involving close relatives.

Line Breeding

A mating system representing mild inbreeding used to maintain specific traits.

Outbreeding

A mating system involving unrelated animals.

Crossbreeding

A mating system involving different breeds to achieve hybrid vigor.

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

Methods used to enhance animal production traits like growth rate, disease resistance, and feed efficiency through gene editing and cloning.

Duroc (Hog Breed)

A breed of hog known for fast growth and lean meat.

Yorkshire (Hog Breed)

A breed of hog characterized by erect ears and known as the 'mother breed'.

Estrogen & Progesterone (Lactation)

Hormones responsible for mammary development during lactation.

Prolactin (Lactation)

Hormone responsible for milk synthesis.

Oxytocin (Lactation)

Hormone responsible for milk letdown.

Major Components of the Mammary Gland

Alveoli, Ducts, Teat cistern, Gland cistern.

Components of Milk

Water, Fat, Protein, Lactose.