Exam 4 Adult Health 1

What is the onset and peak time for Rapid-Acting Insulin?

Onset: 15-30 min / Peak: 30-90 min

How long does Long-Acting Insulin take to have an onset and what is its peak time?

Onset: 3-6 hours / Peak: NO peak

What class of medication is Pioglitazone?

Thiazolidinediones (TZD)

What is the mechanism of action for Acarbose (Precose)?

Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitor

What are the complications of Incretin Mimics like GLP-1?

Weight loss, nausea, & ileus

What are Glipizide and Glyburide classified as?

Sulfonylureas

What complications can arise from Thiazolidinedione (TZD) use?

Increased risk for heart-related deaths, anemia, weight gain, hyperlipidemia, impaired platelet function

What are the recommended macronutrient distributions in a diabetic diet?

Carbs: 50-60%, Fats: 20-30%, Protein: 10-20%, Fiber: 25 g

What is the onset and peak for Intermediate-Acting Insulin?

Onset: 1-1.5 hrs / Peak: 4-12 hrs

What complications are associated with Sulfonylureas?

Hypoglycemia, weight gain, drug interaction with NSAIDs, warfarin, & sulfonamides

What is the threshold for Diabetic Fasting Blood Sugar?

126 mg/dL

What is considered a Normal Fasting Blood Sugar level?

70-110 mg/dL

What level indicates Hypoglycemia?

<70 mg/dL

What class does Pramlintide (Symlim) belong to?

Amylinomimetics

What are the complications associated with Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors?

Contraindicated in patients with GI or kidney dysfunction.

What is the desired HDL level for diabetics?

<40 mg/dL

What is the mechanism of Amylinomimetics in diabetes management?

Works with insulin to control blood sugars after meals; lowers appetite.

What is the onset, peak, and administration timeframe for Short Acting Insulin?

Onset: 30-60 min / Peak: 2-3 hrs; administer 15 min before meals

What is the mechanism of Biguanides in managing Type 2 diabetes?

Inhibits glucose production in the liver.

What are examples of Long-Acting Insulin?

Glargine or Detemir

What is considered Short-Acting Insulin?

Regular Insulin

What are the A1C levels that indicate Prediabetes?

5.7-6.4%

What is the threshold for Diabetic Random Blood Sugar?

200 mg/dL

What is the classification of NPH insulin?

Intermediate-Acting Insulin

What class does Metformin belong to?

Biguanides

What is the target LDL level for diabetics?

100 mg/dL

What is Semaglutide (Ozempic) classified as?

Incretin Mimics: Glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1)

What level of A1C indicates Diabetes?

6.5% or greater (7% is target range)

What are examples of Rapid-Acting Insulin?

Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine

What is the Normal A1C range?

4-6%

What medication is administered for an Addisonian Crisis?

Hydrocortisone replacement (glucocorticoids)

What are the clinical features of Addison’s disease?

↓ cortisol, blood sugar, sodium / ↑ potassium, BUN, ACTH / hypotension

What are the clinical features of Cushing’s disease?

↑ blood glucose, ↓ calcium, ↓ potassium