ch. 16 lymphatic system

List the functions of the lymphatic system

pick up excess fluid in tissues (presents edema), immunity, and transport dietary fats (lacteal)

Name the blood vessel that most closely resembles a lymphatic vessel

veins

What trunks drain into the thoracic duct

“L” jugular, “L” subclavian, “L” bronchomediastinal, all intestinal, intercostal and lumbar

What trunks drain into the right lymphatic duct

“R” jugular, “R” subclavian, and “R” bronchomedistinal

Describe the structure of the spleen

Located in the abdominal cavity on the left side of body.

Red pulp

blood in sinuses

White pulp

nodules of lymphocytes

hilum of spleen

A region on the surface of the spleen where blood vessels and lymphatic vessels enter and exit the organ. It’s like a doorway for these structure.

what are the nonspecific defenses (immunity)

Species resistance

mechanical barriers

chemical barriers

inflammation

natural killer cells

phagocytosis

Fever

Stimulus that causes cells to secrete interferon

Infection and other stimuli, like cancer cells

Effect of anti- tissue rejection drugs on immune system

Reduced T- cells activity, impaired B-cell function, inhibition of cytokine production and overall immune suppression.

Most active phagocytic cells circulating in the blood

Neutrophils and monocytes

Cells primarily responsible for specific immunity

Lymphocytes

Which type of cell is responsible for cell mediated immunity

T-cells

Which type of cell is responsible for antibody mediated immunity

B-cells

Most abundant type of immunoglobulin

lgG

Causes for naturally acquired active immunity

exposure to a live pathogen that causes the individual to develop their own immune response. This happens when you get an infection, and your body learns to fight it off and remember it for the future

Causes for naturally acquired passive immunity

Caused by transfer of antibodies from a mother to her baby. This can happen through the placenta during pregnancy or through breast milk after birth

Causes for artificially acquired active immunity

Caused by vaccination. A vaccine contains weakened or inactive parts of a pathogen (like a virus or bacteria), or just its antigens when you get vaccinated, your body creates antibodies and memory cells against that specific pathogen, so you become immune w/o actually getting sick 

Causes for artificially acquired passive immunity

Caused by receiving antibodies from an external source, like an injection of antiserum or gamma globulins. This provides immediate but temporary, immunity.

Primary chemical released from mast cells

histamine

Action of cytotoxic T cells and the types of cells they destroy

T-cells directly kill other cells that are infected with viruses or bacteria, or that are cancerous or damaged. They do this by recognizing specific antigens on the surface of the target cells, then releasing toxic substances that cause the target cells to die

what type of immunity would result from an injection of gamma globulin

artificially acquired passive immunity

what type of immunity would result from a vaccine (modified live virus)

Artificially acquired active immunity

Define autoimmune disorder

A condition in which your immune system mistakenly attacks your own body’s tissue and organs

Major function of lymph nodes

Filtering lymph to remove pathogens and debris. Activating the immune system by presenting antigens to lymphocytes. Producing and storing lymphocytes and antibodies

Antigen

any substance that can trigger an immune response in the body, causing the immune system to produce antibodies

allergen

a substance that causes an allergic reaction

antibody

a protein produced by the body’s immune system in response to an antigen, which binds to in order to neutralize or destroy it.

what factors cause movement of lymph through lymph vessels

Muscle contraction, valves breathing, pulse of arteries, and smooth muscle contraction

Action of thymosins

Promoting T-cell maturation and differentiation. Enhancing immune responses. Regulating immune cell activity. Stimulating hormone production. Promoting tissue repair

Describe the structure of lymphatic capillaries

Lymphatic capillaries are tiny, thin walled vessels that are the starting point of the lymphatic system. The structure contains single layer of endothelial cells, high permeability, anchoring filaments, blind-ended tubes, and larger diameter.