Cahpter 23 - Respiratory System

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Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory system?

a) Nasal cavities

b) Laryngopharynx

c) Oropharynx

d) Tracheae

e) Nasal meatuses

D

Which of the following is a conducting zone action?

a) Clean air of debris

b) Conduct air into the lungs

c) Add water to air

d) Warm air

e) All of these are actions of the conducting zone.

E

3) Which of the following is a factor that determines the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange?

a) Partial pressure difference of gases

b) Surface area availability for gas exchange

c) Diffusion distance

d) Molecular weight and solubility of the gases

e) All of these are factors that determine the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange.

e

Which of the following is a passageway for air, food and water?

a) Pharynx

b) Larynx

c) Paranasal sinuses

d) Trachea

e) Esophagus

A

Which structure prevents food or water from entering the larynx?

a) Arytenoid cartilage

b) Epiglottis

c) Nasopharynx

d) Thyroid cartilage

e) Paranasal sinus

B

The gas law that describes the pressure changes that occur during pulmonary ventilation is

a) boyle's law.

b) charles' law.

c) henry's law.

d) the inhalation law

.e) the law of partial pressure.

A

Which structure is located anterior to the esophagus and carries air to the bronchi?

a) Trachea

b) Larynx

c) Nasopharynx

d) Pharynx

e) None of these choices

A

Which of the following is the primary gas exchange site?

a) Trachea

b) Bronchiole

c) Nasal sinuses

d) Alveolus

e) Bronchus

D

Which of the below tissues maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system?

a) Stratified squamous epithelium with keratin

b) Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

c) Hyaline cartilage

d) Mucus membrane

e) Bone

C

Which of the below tissues provides the functions of the inner layer of the conducting organs?

a) Stratified squamous epithelium with keratin

b) Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

c) Ciliated cuboidal epithelium

d) Ciliated transitional epithelium

e) Columnar connective tissue

B

The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called

a) carina.

b) secondary bronchioles.

c) parietal pleura.

d) visceral pleura.

e) diaphragm

A

Which of the below tissues forms the exchange surfaces of the alveolus?

a) Stratified squamous epithelium

b) Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

c) Simple squamous epithelium

d) Hyaline cartilage

e) Columnar connective tissue with goblet cells

C

Which of the following are cells of the pulmonary alveoli that produce surfactant?

a) Type I alveolar cells

b) Type II alveolar cells

c) Type III alveolar cells

d) Surface cells

e) Macrophages

B

Which of the following is a factor that affects pulmonary ventilation?

a) Lung compliance

b) Surface tension of the alveolar fluid

c) Elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs

d) Airway resistance

e) All of these are factors that affect pulmonary ventilation

E

Which of the following indicates the direction of diffusion of gases at the pulmonary alveoli of the lungs?

a) Oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide into blood

b) Oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide into blood

c) Oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood

d) Oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood

C

Exhalation begins when

a) inspiratory muscles relax

b) diaphragm contracts.

c) blood circulation is the lowest.

d) inspiratory muscles relax and diaphragm contracts.

e) all of these choices.

A

Which of the following is the sum of the residual and the expiratory reserve volume?

a) Total lung capacity

b) Functional residual capacity

c) Inspiratory capacity

d) Vital capacity

e) Minimal volume

B

Which of the following is NOT a factor that the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depends on?

a) Partial pressure difference of the gases

b) Surface area for gas exchange

c) Diffusion distance

d) Molecular weight and solubility of the gases

e) Force of contraction of diaphragm

E

Which of the following is the dominant method of carbon dioxide transport in blood?

a) Bound to hemoglobin

b) Bound to oxygen

c) Dissolved in plasma as a gas

d) Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions

e) Dissolved in the cytosol of the RBC

D

When blood pH drops, the amount of oxyhemoglobin ________ and oxygen delivery to the tissue cells ________.

a) increases; increases

b) increases; decreases

c) decreases; increases

d) decreases; decreases

e) does not change; does not change

C

Which of the following is a factor that does NOT affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

a) pH of blood

b) Partial pressure of the oxygen

c) Amount of oxygen available

d) Temperature

e) Respiratory rate

E

Where are the nasal conchae?

a) A

b) C

c) T

d) U

e) V

B

Which tonsils are found in the oropharynx?

a) V

b) R

c) S

d) T

e) U

B

Which structure is also referred to as the Adam's Apple?

a) G

b) H

c) I

d) J

e) K

D

Where is the larynx?

a) I

b) M

c) L

d) N

e) O

A

Where is the uvula?

a) E

b) F

c) Q

d) S

e) U

D

A white baby boy is born after 7 months of gestation. He develops difficulty breathing and looks slightly blue. He is most likely suffering from

a) the flu.

b) bacterial pneumonia.

c) asthma.

d) respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).

e) viral pneumonia.

D

An individual is suffering from gangrene. This is a condition where circulation to tissues is interrupted causing a serious reduction in oxygenation to these tissues. Anaerobic bacteria invade the tissues and must be treated. If antibiotics don't work, an intelligent treatment may include

a) hyperbaric oxygenation.

b) fresh air.

c) drinking liquids with sodium chloride.

d) a reduction in ambient oxygen levels.

e) all of these are valid treatments.

A

A man is found lying unconscious on the floor of his apartment during a very cold period. A space heater is nearby. His lips appear to be cherry red in color. He might be suffering from

a) carbon dioxide poisoning.

b) sulfur dioxide poisoning.

c) carbon monoxide poisoning.

d) excessive oxygen intake.

e) any of these is possible.

C

An individual suffers a blood clot in an artery that delivers blood to his leg. The leg begins to take on a blue hue, becomes colder than the rest of his body and he experiences numbness in the leg. He is most likely experiencing

a) anemic hypoxia.

b) ischemic hypoxia.

c) hypoxic hypoxia.

d) histotoxic hypoxia.

e) allergic hypoxia.

B

What is line D pointing to?

a) Thyrohyoid membrane

b) Corniculate cartilage

c) Cricothyroid ligament

d) Cricoid cartilage

e) Tracheal cartilage

b) Corniculate cartilage

—

B — Hyoid bone

C — Thyrohyoid membrane

A — Epiglottis

D — Corniculate Cartilage

E — Thyroid Cartilage

F — Arytenoid cartilage

G — Cricothyroid ligament

H — Cricoid Cartilage

I — Cricotracheal ligament

J — Tracheal cartilage

Where is the cricoid cartilage?

a) D

b) E

c) F

d) G

e) H

e) H

—

B — Hyoid bone

C — Thyrohyoid membrane

A — Epiglottis

D — Corniculate Cartilage

E — Thyroid Cartilage

F — Arytenoid cartilage

G — Cricothyroid ligament

H — Cricoid Cartilage

I — Cricotracheal ligament

J — Tracheal cartilage

An individual has an ideal weight of 125 pounds. Based on this fact, the estimated size of his anatomical (respiratory) dead space is

a) 250 milliliters.

b) 65 milliliters.

c) 125 milliliters.

d) 100 milliliters.

e) it cannot be determined with just this fact.

C

The MOST important factor that determines the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin is

a) red blood count.

b) volume of the blood.

c) PO2.

d) heart rate.

e) PCO2.

C

What is line J pointing to?

a) Right secondary bronchus

b) Left secondary bronchus

c) Right main bronchus

d) Left main bronchus

e) Carina

D

—

A — Visceral pleura

B — Parietal pleura

C — Pleural cavity

D — Right main bronchus

E — Right lobar bronchus

F — Right segmental bronchus

G — Right bronchiole

H — Right terminal bronchiole

I — Carina

J — Left chain bronchus

K — Left lobar bronchus

L — Left segmental bronchus

M — Left bronchiole

N — Left terminal bronchiole

Where is the right lobar bronchiole?

a) F

b) G

c) H

d) L

e) M

B

—

A — Visceral pleura

B — Parietal pleura

C — Pleural cavity

D — Right main bronchus

E — Right lobar bronchus

F — Right segmental bronchus

G — Right bronchiole

H — Right terminal bronchiole

I — Carina

J — Left chain bronchus

K — Left lobar bronchus

L — Left segmental bronchus

M — Left bronchiole

N — Left terminal bronchiole

What lines are pointing to tertiary bronchi?

a) E and K

b) D and J

c) F and L

d) H and M

e) A and B

c) F and L

—

A — Visceral pleura

B — Parietal pleura

C — Pleural cavity

D — Right main bronchus

E — Right lobar bronchus

F — Right segmental bronchus

G — Right bronchiole

H — Right terminal bronchiole

I — Carina

J — Left chain bronchus

K — Left lobar bronchus

L — Left segmental bronchus

M — Left bronchiole

N — Left terminal bronchiole

What is line B pointing to?

a) Carina

b) Visceral pleura

c) Parietal pleura

d) Pleural cavity

e) Diaphragm

c) Parietal pleura

—

A — Visceral pleura

B — Parietal pleura

C — Pleural cavity

D — Right main bronchus

E — Right lobar bronchus

F — Right segmental bronchus

G — Right bronchiole

H — Right terminal bronchiole

I — Carina

J — Left chain bronchus

K — Left lobar bronchus

L — Left segmental bronchus

M — Left bronchiole

N — Left terminal bronchiole

Which letter represents the primary gas exchange structure?

a) A

b) B

c) C

d) E

d) E

—

A – Terminal bronchiole

B – Respiratory bronchiole

C – Alveolar ducts

D – Alveolar sac

E – Alveoli

What are lines C pointing to?

a) Terminal bronchiole

b) Respiratory bronchiole

c) Alveolar ducts

d) Alveolar saccule

e) Pulmonary alveoli

C

—

A – Terminal bronchiole

B – Respiratory bronchiole

C – Alveolar ducts

D – Alveolar sac

E – Alveoli

Where is the terminal bronchiole?

a) A

b) B

c) C

d) D

e) E

a) A

—

A – Terminal bronchiole

B – Respiratory bronchiole

C – Alveolar ducts

D – Alveolar sac

E – Alveoli

Which structure removes fine particles and debris within the alveolar space?

a) A

b) B

c) C

d) D

e) None of these choices.

D

—

A (Type II alveolar cell)

B (Respiratory membrane)

C (Type I alveolar cell)

D (Alveolar macrophage)

Which cells are the main sites of gas exchange?

a) A

b) B

c) C

d) D

e) All of these choices.

C

—

A (Type II alveolar cell)

B (Respiratory membrane)

C (Type I alveolar cell)

D (Alveolar macrophage)

Which cell secretes surfactant?

a) A

b) B

c) C

d) D

e) All of these choices.

A

—

A (Type II alveolar cell)

B (Respiratory membrane)

C (Type I alveolar cell)

D (Alveolar macrophage)

If an individual experiences a broken rib which is displaced sufficiently to puncture a lung, even though the outer skin is not punctured, he will most likely develop

a) pneumothorax.

b) hemothorax.

c) atelectasis.

d) bronchiectasis.

e) cachexia.

A,B,C

Which of the following hormones does NOT stimulate production of BPG?

a) Epinephrine

b) Thyroxine

c) Testosterone

d) Calcitonin

e) HGH

D

Which area in the figure is the sum of the tidal volume and the inspiratory reserve volume?

a) A

b) B

c) G

d) E

e) H

d) E

—

A — Inspiratory reserve volume

B — Tidal volume

C — Expiratory reserve volume

D — Residual volume

E — Inspiratory capacity

F — Vital capacity

G — Total lung capacity

H — Functional residual capacity

Which area in the figure is the sum of the tidal volume and the inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume?

a) H

b) B

c) G

d) E

e) F

E

—

A — Inspiratory reserve volume

B — Tidal volume

C — Expiratory reserve volume

D — Residual volume

E — Inspiratory capacity

F — Vital capacity

G — Total lung capacity

H — Functional residual capacity

Which area in the figure is the sum of the vital capacity and residual volume?

a) B

b) A

c) G

d) D

E) F

C

—

A — Inspiratory reserve volume

B — Tidal volume

C — Expiratory reserve volume

D — Residual volume

E — Inspiratory capacity

F — Vital capacity

G — Total lung capacity

H — Functional residual capacity

Which area in the figure is the sum of the residual volume and the expiratory reserve volume?

a) H

b) A

c) G

d) E

e) F

A

—

A — Inspiratory reserve volume

B — Tidal volume

C — Expiratory reserve volume

D — Residual volume

E — Inspiratory capacity

F — Vital capacity

G — Total lung capacity

H — Functional residual capacity

Which area in the figure represents a very deep inhalation, much greater than the tidal volume?

a) B

b) A

c) G

d) E

e) F

B

—

A — Inspiratory reserve volume

B — Tidal volume

C — Expiratory reserve volume

D — Residual volume

E — Inspiratory capacity

F — Vital capacity

G — Total lung capacity

H — Functional residual capacity

Which area in the figure represents the volume of a normal breath?

a) B

b) A

c) G

d) E

e) F

A

—

A — Inspiratory reserve volume

B — Tidal volume

C — Expiratory reserve volume

D — Residual volume

E — Inspiratory capacity

F — Vital capacity

G — Total lung capacity

H — Functional residual capacity

Which area in the figure represents the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a deep exhalation?

a) C

b) H

c) D

d) B

e) G

C

Which area in the figure represents a very deep exhalation, much greater than the tidal volume?

a) C

b) H

c) D

d) B

e) G

A

—

A — Inspiratory reserve volume

B — Tidal volume

C — Expiratory reserve volume

D — Residual volume

E — Inspiratory capacity

F — Vital capacity

G — Total lung capacity

H — Functional residual capacity

Which of the following is a forced exhalation against the closed nose and mouth as may occur during periods of straining while defecating?

a) Sobbing

b) Coughing

c) Crying

d) Hiccupping

e) Valsalva maneuver

E

Which of the following is a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm followed by spasmodic closure of the rima glottidis, which produces a sharp sound on inhalation?

a) Sneezing

b) Coughing

c) Laughing

d) Hiccupping

e) Valsalva maneuver

D

Which of the following is an inhalation followed by many short convulsive exhalations during which the rima glottidis remains open and the vocal folds vibrate, accompanied by characteristic facial expressions?

a) Sneezing

b) Yawning

c) Hiccupping

d) Laughing

e) Valsalva maneuver

D

Which of the following is an inhalation followed by many short convulsive exhalations during which the rima glottidis remains open and the vocal folds vibrate, accompanied by characteristic facial expressions?

a) Sneezing

b) Yawning

c) Hiccupping

d) Crying

e) Valsalva maneuver

D

Which of the following is a series of convulsive inhalations followed by a single prolonged exhalation where the rima glottidis closes earlier than normal after each inhalation so only a little air enters the lung with each inhalation?

a) Sobbing

b) Sneezing

c) Coughing

d) Hiccupping

e) Valsalva maneuver

A

Which of the following is a deep inhalation through a widely opened mouth producing an exaggerated depression of the mandible, the precise cause of which is unknown?

a) Sobbing

b) Yawning

c) Coughing

d) Laughing

e) Hiccupping

B

68) Which of the following is a long drawn and deep inhalation immediately followed by a shorter but forceful exhalation?

a) Sobbing

b) Yawning

c) Sighing

d) Hiccupping

e) Valsalva maneuver

C

Which of the following is a spasmodic contraction of the muscles of exhalation that forcefully expels air through the nose and mouth?

a) Sobbing

b) Sneezing

c) Coughing

d) Sighing

e) Valsalva maneuver

B

Which of the following is a long drawn and deep inhalation followed by a complete closure of the rima glottidis, which results in a strong exhalation, pushing the rima glottidis open and sending a blast of air through the upper respiratory passages?

a) Crying

b) Sneezing

c) Coughing

d) Sighing

e) Valsalva maneuver

C

Which structure in the figure is the hyoid bone?

a) A

b) B

c) D

d) F

e) G

A

—

A — Hyoid bone

B — Thyrohyoid membrane

C — Vestibular fold

D — Thyroid cartilage

E — Vocal fold

F — Cricothyroid ligament

G — Cricotracheal ligament

Which structure in the figure is the ventricular fold?

a) F

b) D

c) C

d) E

e) G

C

—

A — Hyoid bone

B — Thyrohyoid membrane

C — Vestibular fold

D — Thyroid cartilage

E — Vocal fold

F — Cricothyroid ligament

G — Cricotracheal ligament

Which structure in the figure is the vocal fold?

a) F

b) D

c) C

d) E

e) G

D

—

A — Hyoid bone

B — Thyrohyoid membrane

C — Vestibular fold

D — Thyroid cartilage

E — Vocal fold

F — Cricothyroid ligament

G — Cricotracheal ligament

Where is the rhythmicity center for respiration?

a) In the medulla

b) In the pons

c) In the cerebrum

d) In the hypothalamus

e) In the cerebellum

A

With which body system does the respiratory system work to regulate the pH of body fluids?

a) Muscular

b) Digestive

c) Nervous

d) Endocrine

e) Urinary

E

The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ears, nose and throat is

a) otology.

b) laryngology.

c) pulmonology.

d) otolaryngology.

e) ophthalmology.

D

The surgical procedure used to cosmetically reshape the nose or to correct a deviated septum or fracture of the nose is called

a) otoplasty.

b) rhinoplasty.

c) mammoplasty.

d) laryngoplasty.

e) ophthalmopathy.

B

Coryza is the medical name for

a) influenza.

b) bacterial pneumonia.

c) viral pneumonia.

d) the common cold.

e) asthma.

D

During quiet inhalation, which respiratory muscles contract?

a) Diaphragm and external intercostals

b) Diaphragm and internal intercostals

c) Internal and external intercostals

d) Diaphragm and external obliques

e) Diaphragm and internal obliques

A

The volume of one breath is called the

a) inspiratory reserve volume.

b) expiratory reserve volume.

c) tidal volume.

d) vital capacity.

e) forced expiratory volume.

C

81) The sum of the partial pressures of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, water vapor and other gasses in our environment is called

a) environmental pressure.

b) gaseous pressure.

c) total partial pressure.

d) atmospheric pressure.

e) vapor pressure.

D

If each hemoglobin molecule has bound 3 oxygen molecules, the hemoglobin is considered to be saturated at what percentage?

a) 30%

b) 3%

c) 50%

d) 15%

e) 75%

E

The neurons of the pontine respiratory group transmit nerve impulses to the

a) hypothalamus.

b) medulla.

c) cerebellum.

d) thalamus.

e) spinal cord.

B

Exercise bring about an increase in

a) pulmonary perfusion.

b) oxygen diffusion capacity.

c) carbon dioxide retention.

d) both a and b

.e) both b and c.

D

The cartilages and muscles of the larynx develop from the

a) endoderm of the respiratory diverticulum.

b) tracheal bud.

c) fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches.

d) bronchial buds.

e) mesoderm surrounding the respiratory diverticulum.

C

During normal quiet breathing, which of the following stimulates the diaphragm?

a) Pontine respiratory group

b) Dorsal respiratory group

c) Ventral respiratory group

d) Dorsal and ventral respiratory groups

e) All of the above

B

Which of the following is an accessory inhalatory muscle?

a) Diaphragm

b) Internal intercostal

c) External intercostal

d) Pectoralis minor

e) Rectus abdominis

D

Which of the following hormones does NOT stimulate production of BPG?

a) Epinephrine

b) Thyroxine

c) Testosterone

d) Calcitonin

e) HGH

D