Studied by 0 people
Mrs. Dubois' Quarter 3 AP US History Mind Map Flashcards for Exam
Plessy v. Ferguson
A landmark Supreme Court case from 1896 that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine, effectively legitimizing discriminatory laws over the next half century.
New South
A term used to describe the economic and social changes in the Southern United States after the Civil War, emphasizing industrial growth and a shift from an agrarian economy; a term describing the vision of the South that was characterized by a belief in a technology-based industrial South.
Jim Crow Laws
State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States from the late 19th century (after Reconstruction) until the civil rights movement.
Sharecropping
An agricultural system where a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in exchange for a share of the crops produced, often leading to cycles of debt and poverty for the tenant; prevalent in the South after the Civil War to replace slavery.
Laissez-faire
An economic philosophy of minimal government intervention in business/economic affairs; mainly used during the Gilded Age in the United States.
John D. Rockefeller
A prominent American businessman and philanthropist, who became wealthy through his Standard Oil Company (a monopoly), and a key figure in the development of the oil industry in the late 19th century.
Chinese Exclusion Act
A federal law enacted in 1882 that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States; it reflected the growing anti-Chinese sentiment in America during this period; granted nativists’ wishes and protected native borns’ jobs and interests in the US.
Tenements
small, cramped, windowless apartments located in densely packed urban cities, occupied mainly by poor immigrant families; these buildings were often unsanitary and unsafe, reflecting the harsh living conditions of the urban poor during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Collective Bargaining
A process where workers negotiate with employers for better wages, working conditions, and benefits, typically through representatives such as labor unions.
American Federation of Labor
A group of labor unions in the United States, founded in 1886, that focused on skilled workers and aimed to improve labor conditions through collective bargaining; founded by Samuel Gompers and was instrumental in advocating for shorter workdays, higher wages, and better working conditions.
Assimilationists
Individuals or groups advocating for the absorption of immigrants into mainstream American culture, promoting the idea that immigrants should adopt the customs, values, and behaviors of the US.
Transcontinental Railroad
Railways that connected the eastern United States with the western territories, facilitating commerce, migration, and the expansion of the American frontier.
Frontier Thesis
The argument by historian Frederick Jackson Turner that the American frontier was a key factor in shaping the nation's democracy, individualism, and character; explained how the open frontier allowed for unhappy Northern/Southern citizens to move away from social turmoil, and without it, there would be increased conflict.
Grange Movement
A coalition of farmers advocating for the rights and interests of farmers, focusing on issues like fair pricing, railroad regulation, and cooperative buying; began in 1867
Dawes Act******A for American Indians!!
a law enacted in 1887 aimed at assimilating Native Americans into American society by allotting them individual plots of land and granting US citizenship, ultimately leading to the loss of tribal lands by dividing them up.
Samuel Gompers
A labor leader and founder of the American Federation of Labor (AFL); advocated for workers' rights, better wages, and working conditions through organized labor and collective bargaining.
Knights of Labor
A significant labor organization founded in 1869 that sought to unite all workers, regardless of skill level, to advocate for broad social reforms such as better working conditions, an eight-hour workday, and the end of child labor.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
A landmark 1890 legislation aimed at curbing monopolies and maintaining fair competition in the marketplace by prohibiting certain business practices to help smaller businesses.
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
A federal law designed to regulate the railroad industry and its monopolistic ensure fair rates for consumers and businesses, it established the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to oversee the enforcement of these regulations.
Bland-Allison Act
A U.S. law enacted in 1878 that required the U.S. Treasury to buy and mint silver into coins, aiming to increase the money supply and stimulate the economy.
Tammany Hall
a powerful political machine in New York City, notorious for corruption where they used patronage and influence to control elections by providing favors to immigrants in exchange for their votes.
Political Machine
An organization that controls local/state politics through elected officials providing jobs to people in exchange for votes; they often engage in unethical practices to influence elections, including bribery, voter manipulation, and patronage, thereby maintaining power and control over political processes.
W.E.B. DuBois
an African American civil rights activist who cofounded NAACP and advocated for higher opportunities and rights for black people; he emphasized the importance of higher education for African Americans and was a proponent of the 'Talented Tenth' concept, which argued that the most able and educated members of the African American community should lead the fight for civil rights.
Jane Addams
A social reformer who founded Hull House to provide services to immigrants; she was a pioneer in the field of social work and advocated for women's suffrage, labor rights, and peace.
Pendleton Act
a federal law which established a system for hiring government officials/civil servants based on education qualifications; it aimed to reduce corruption in the federal government by replacing the patronage system with a merit-based system, ensuring that positions were filled by qualified individuals rather than through political favoritism.
Andrew Carnegie
An industrialist who greatly profited from and ran the steel industry through his Carnegie Steel Company; major philanthropist, advocating for the establishment of libraries and educational institutions, and promoting the idea of the 'Gospel of Wealth,' which argued that the wealthy have a responsibility to use their riches for the greater good of society.
Horizontal Integration
a business strategy in which a larger company merges/buys out smaller companies within the same industry to dominate and eliminate competition.
Vertical Integration
a business strategy where a company controls all stages/means of production for a product, from acquiring raw materials to distributing goods, essentially dominating the entire supply chain for a particular good; often used by industrial giants like Andrew Carnegie's steel company to maximize profits and limit competition.
Gold Standard
a system where a country’s currency is directly tied to a specific amount of gold; it ensures that the value of currency is backed by a tangible asset, limiting the ability of governments to inflate the money supply, and promoting stability in international trade and exchange rates.
William Jennings Bryan
A politician who advocated for free silver coinage and money not backed by gold to allow for an increase in currency in the US for people that needed it; he was a prominent figure in the Populist movement and delivered the famous "Cross of Gold" speech at the 1896 Democratic National Convention, championing the cause of farmers and the working class against the interests of big business.
Cross of Gold
A speech made by William Jennings Bryan at the Democratic National Convention in 1896 to argue against the gold standard; Bryan advocated for the free coinage of silver, believing it would increase the money supply and alleviate the economic struggles faced by farmers and the working class, famously stating that he would not be crucified on a 'cross of gold'.
Farmers’ Alliance
A group made to unite farmers and fight against the political and economic forces that were exploiting them; it sought to address issues such as unfair pricing, high interest rates on loans, and the monopolistic practices of railroads and grain elevators, advocating for cooperative buying and selling.
NAACP
an organization dedicated to fighting racial inequalities particularly African Americans through legal action; founded in 1909, it aims to ensure political, educational, social, and economic equality and to eliminate race-based discrimination.
Social Darwinism
an application of Darwin’s survival of the fittest to human society, politics, and economics, which says only the best will be successful; used to justify monopolistic practices
Imperialism
the policy in which a stronger nation extends its influence and control over weaker territories, mainly overseas; it often involves military conquest, economic dominance, and cultural assimilation, aiming to exploit resources
Alfred T. Mahan
a naval officer whose ideals on gaining a bigger, stronger navy influence foreign policy in the US during the late 1800s to early 1900s; he argued that naval power was essential for national greatness and proposed that the US should expand its naval fleet and establish overseas bases to support trade and military operations.
Roosevelt Corollary
an addition to the Monroe Doctrine by Teddy Roosevelt which stated that the US could and would intervene in Latin America to maintain stability and order; it emphasized the US's role as a police power in the Western Hemisphere, aimed at preventing European intervention in Latin America.
Big Stick Diplomacy
A foreign policy of the US under Teddy Roosevelt which negotiated peacefully while threatening military force and demonstrating strength; it emphasized the belief that 'speak softly and carry a big stick' was the best approach to international relations, allowing the US to assert itself as a dominant power in the Western Hemisphere.
Open Door Policy
a US foreign policy that promoted equal trade opportunities for all countries in China; it aimed to prevent any single nation from monopolizing trade in China, ensuring that all nations had equal access to Chinese markets and resources.
Booker T. Washington
an African American educator and reformer who advocated for education for black Americans to achieve progress in society; he believed that vocational training and self-help were essential for economic advancement and societal acceptance, founding the Tuskegee Institute to promote these values.
Upton Sinclair
a muckraking journalist and author best known for “The Jungle” exposing dangerous, unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry and showing the plight of the workers in those industries
The Jungle
A muckraking novel, written by Upton Sinclair, exposing the dangers of the meatpacking industry, causing various reforms and acts to occur; it highlighted unsanitary working conditions, the exploitation of laborers, and the lack of regulations in food production, ultimately leading to the establishment of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act.
Muckrakers
deemed the title from Teddy Roosevelt, muckrakers were investigative, reform-minded journalists, writers, and photographers in the Progressive Era in the United States (1890s–1920s) who claimed to and did expose corruption and wrongdoing in established institutions, such as government and business, often through sensationalist publications.
Yellow Journalism
an exaggerated style of news reporting in the late 19th century which used dramatic, eye-catching headlines to attract/persuade a reader; it often emphasized sensationalism over facts, manipulated public opinion, and played a significant role in influencing events such as the Spanish-American War.
USS Maine
a US navy battleship that exploded under mysterious circumstances in Havana Harbor near Cuba, escalating tensions between US and Spain; the explosion was a catalyst for the Spanish-American War, as it led to increased calls for American intervention in Cuba's struggle for independence from Spain; blamed on Spain
Assembly Line
a line of manufacturing where a product moves through a series of work stations with each worker focusing a specific task to increase speed and efficiency; Henry Ford created this
Henry Ford
an American industrialist and owner of Ford Motor Company who revolutionized the automobile industry through his idea of the assembly line
Harlem Renaissance
a cultural and artistic movement in New York showcasing a flourishing of African American culture, such as literature, music, and art.
Liberty Bonds
war bonds sold by the US during WW1 to finance the war effort; exchanged after the war for more money than originally bought for
League of Nations
an international organization founded after WW1 as a part of the Treaty of Versailles to attempt to keep world peace through diplomacy and cooperation; the US never ratified the treaty, so they never joined the League; Wilson’s most important one of the 14 points.
Zimmermann Note
a secret message sent by Germany to Mexico proposing a military alliance against the US by threatening to help Mexico regain lost US territories; it was intercepted by Britain and shown to the US; it was a catalyst for US involvement in WW1.
Selective Service Act
law passed by Congress that authorized the US government to draft and manage the drafting of soldiers, young men aged 18 or 21 to 30 or 45, to serve in WW1; conscription enlistment to gain troops instead of voluntary.
Lusitania
a British passenger ship with American citizens on board that was sunk by a German submarine (U-Boat) as a result of submarine warfare against Britain; caused tensions leading to US involvement in WW1
Red Scare
a period of intense fear or communism, radical leftist ideals, and anarchists in the US; a period of intense fear and paranoia in the United States, particularly after World War I and during the Cold War, where citizens were gripped by the perceived threat of communist ideology, leading to government crackdowns on suspected radicals and often violations of civil liberties
Palmer Raids
a series of government led raids to arrest and deport suspected anarchists, radicals, and communists; violation of rights by the government, and were violent.
Sacco and Vanzetti Trial
a controversial case in which two anarchists/Italian immigrants were convicted and put to death for murder with weak evidence; most believe that Red Scare ideologies and fear of anarchists influenced the verdict
Scopes Trial
a highly publicized court case about a high school teacher who illegally taught evolution in Tennessee, symbolizing the debate between modern science and fundamentalism
Teapot Dome Scandal
a major corruption scandal involving Albert Fall, who secretly lease government owned oil reserves in Wyoming to private owned companies for bribes, during Harding’s presidency.
Prohibition
a period in which the manufacture and sale of alcohol was banned in the US to improve society and reduce crime/societal issues; 18th amendment was passed under this principle that alcohol should be illegal for consumption and sale.
Organized Crime
large scale, structured criminal enterprises that engage in illegal activities such as bootlegging and illegally selling alcohol; surged during Prohibition.
Okies
migrants, mostly farmers, primarily from Oklahoma who moved to California and other pacific bound states during the Great Depression due to environmental issues and poverty
Dust Bowl
a severe environmental disaster that affected the Great Plains region, as over-farming, drought, and high winds led to massive dust storms that obliterated crops
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
a US law under the Hoover administration which significantly raised tariffs to protect American interests, but backlashed and worsened the economic conditions during the Great Depression.
Herbert Hoover
the 31st president of the United States and the starting president in the Great Depression whose actions relying on limited government programs and no economic intervention during the depression worsened/did little for the US economy.
Hoovervilles
makeshift communities made up of scrap cardboard for the homeless during the Great Depression; name was a dig on how badly Hoover handled the Great Depression
Black Tuesday
a day in October 1929 when the stock market officially crashed, marking the beginning of the Great Depression, where there were stocks being sold with no buyers.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
the 32nd president of the US, leading the country through the Great Depression and WW2, best known for his New Deal policies, with active government intervention in society and economics; part of the Big 3 in WW2 with Stalin and Churchill
New Deal
a series of public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by FDR and his administration to address the Great Depression; helped with the 3 R’s: reform, relief, and recovery
Social Security
was stated in the Social Security Act of 1935 and establishes/is a federal safety net for the elderly, unemployed, and disadvantaged with pensions and insurance.
Bonus Army
a group of WW1 veterans and their families who marched to DC to demand early payment of a promised bonus for serving in WW1, and were tear gassed by order of the Hoover Administration; occurred during the Great Depression when there were many unemployed citizens
Isolationism
a foreign policy approach used by the US that aimed to avoid any involvement in foreign conflicts; steer clear of any European/Asian wars, having no involvement at all
Appeasement
a diplomatic strategy or policy used in the 1930s where countries allowed aggressive nations, such as Germany, to expand their territories, without intervening, in hopes of avoiding war.
Washington Conference
international conference where various world powers met and agreed to limit naval armaments between the US, Japan, Britain, France, and Italy through treaties such as the four power, nine power, and five power treaties
United Nations
founded after ww2 in 1945; an international peacekeeping organization used to promote cooperation and prevent conflicts with diplomacy
Holocaust
the systematic genocide of 6 million jews and other groups by Nazi Germany under Hitler during ww2 to create a pure race
Internment
the forced relocation and imprisonment of Japanese-Americans in the US during World War II because of the Pearl Harbor attack by Japan and fears/discriminatory practices targeted toward the Japanese
Manhattan Project
a top secret government research project during World War II aimed at creating the first atomic bombs; used to test and create new bombs to be used in war
Korematsu v. US
Supreme Court case in which the court upheld the constitutionality of the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II
Lend-Lease Act
US law that allowed the US government to provide military aid and supplies to Allied powers during World War II without direct US involvement
Cash and Carry
policy established by the Neutrality Act of 1939 which allowed nations at war to purchase military supplies as long as they paid in cash and transported the goods themselves
War Production Board
established by FDR during ww2 to oversee the conversion of the US economy from civilian production to wartime production; prepped the economy and the US industries for war
Office of War Administration
a government agency established during World War II to manage the various aspects of the US home front and manage wartime communication and propaganda efforts through various media like radio, newspapers, and films
Office of Price Administration
a US government agency that controlled prices and rationed supplies during World War II; regulated prices and prevented inflation in the civilian economy
Dawes Plan****Plan for PAYMENTS
a financial plan to resolve the issue of German financial reparations imposed by the Treaty of Versailles to the US and Allies; helped stabilize the German economy and temporarily resolved the war debt issue
Neutrality Acts
a series of laws passed by the US congress in the 1930s aimed at preventing the US from becoming entangled and taking sides in foreign conflicts, mainly WW2
