period 2 vocab

Devshirme

Utilization of Christian boys in the Ottoman Empire to convert and train them to become military officials or bureaucrats.

Divine Right of Kings

Political and religious doctrine that monarchs derived their authority to rule directly from God.

Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires that used advanced military technology to dominate large regions.

Ming Dynasty

Ruled China from 1368 to 1644, known for a strong government and cultural achievements.

Mughal Empire

Established in the early 16th century, renowned for rich culture and monumental architecture.

Qing (Manchu) Dynasty

The last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912, known for territorial expansion.

Ottoman Empire

Lasted from the late 13th century until the early 20th century, major political power in Europe and the Middle East.

Safavid Empire

Established Shia Islam as the state religion in Persia during the early 16th century.

Salaried Samurai

Professional warriors in feudal Japan who received regular pay from their lords.

Sikhism

Founded in the late 15th century by Guru Nanak, emphasizing equality and community service.

Songhai Empire

One of the largest empires in West Africa during the 15th and 16th centuries, known for trade.

Vizier

A high-ranking political advisor or minister in historical Islamic states.

Zamindar

Landowners in South Asia during the Mughal era, responsible for tax collection from peasants.

Boyars

Members of the highest-ranking aristocracy in medieval Eastern Europe.

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the 15th century.

Carrack

A larger three- or four-masted sailing ship used for exploration and trade in the 15th to 17th centuries.

Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.

Dutch East India Company

A powerful multinational corporation granted a monopoly on Dutch trade in Asia, founded in 1602.

Encomienda System

Labor system implemented by the Spanish crown in its American colonies, leading to exploitation.

Fluyt

A Dutch-designed cargo ship characterized by large cargo capacity and small crew requirements.

Hacienda System

A form of self-sufficient land estate in Spanish America, combining agriculture and manufacturing.

Joint-Stock Company

A business entity in which shares can be bought and sold, allowing for pooling of capital.

Lateen Sail

A triangular sail that allows ships to sail closer to the wind.

Maroon Societies

Communities of escaped slaves that established their own cultures in the Americas.

Mercantilism

Economic theory that national prosperity depended on a positive balance of trade.

Ming China

Refers to the period of Chinese history under the Ming dynasty from 1368 to 1644.

Mit’a System

A form of mandatory public service in the Inca Empire, requiring labor from indigenous communities.

Omani Merchants

Influential traders who played a significant role in the Indian Ocean trade network.

Plantation Economy

An economic system based on the mass production of single crops, using slave labor.

Portuguese Trading Post Empire

A network of fortified trading stations established by Portugal along various coasts.

Pueblo Revolt

An uprising of Pueblo peoples against Spanish colonizers in present-day New Mexico in 1680.

Silver Trade

The global exchange of silver from the Americas to Asia during the 16th to 18th centuries.

Timars

Land grants given to Ottoman cavalry officers in exchange for military service.

Tokugawa Shogunate

The last feudal Japanese military government, ruling from 1603 to 1867.

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The forced transportation of enslaved African people to the Americas from the 16th to the 19th centuries.