Sociology AOS2 ETHNICITY

Define Race

is the categorisation of a group of people based on physical characteristics such as skin colour, eye shape, hair type and bone structure.

What are the 4 consequences of generalisation based on race?

• Erasure of the individual

• Erasure of identity

• Basis of discrimination

• Basis of exploitation

What is the Erasure of the individual?

Judging someone based on group stereotypes instead of who they actually are.

What is the Erasure of identity?

Ignoring a person's real identity in favour of assumptions about their race or ethnicity.

what is the Basis of discrimination?

Denying opportunities or increasing risks for people due to their racial background, often seen in jobs or with law enforcement.

What is the Basis for exploitation?

Using racial differences to excuse terrible acts like taking land, enslavement, or mass killings.

Define Ethnicity?

refers to a shared cultural heritage and way of life.

Define of essentialising

is the practice of treating a certain quality or trait as being fundamental to a particular category of person or thing.

Similarities between Race and Ethnicity?

• Both are social constructs that influence identity

• both can involve self-assignment at some point (through racial categories are more typically assigned by others)

• both can involve aspects of shared identity and belonging.

Differences between Races and Ethnicity?

• Ethnicity is primarily based on shared cultural, historical, while race is primarily based on perceived physical or behavioural differences.

• racial categories are generally assigned by others, often reflecting power dynamics. Ethnicity identity can be self-assigned or assigned by others.

Define Othering

process of viewing and treating others as fundamentally different from ourselves. Which can create or exacerbate barriers to communication and understanding.

Provide an example of Othering (refer to the one you have studied)

‘Mongolian Octopus’ = perceived Chinese people as a threat towards Australia, making a Chinese man illustrated as an octupus grasping onto a lot of words that has demonstrated the Chinese man bringing harm to the country .

what is the origins (historical context) of othering

Othering is the process that describes how colonisers distinguished themselves from the local inhabitants. As they are fundamentally different.

Definition of cultural hybridity

is a theory that describes the sense of ethnic diversity seen in dual or multiple ethnic identities. It is Made up of multiple parts and value elements of mixture

What does Stuart Hall’s theory involve?

His theory involved how the ethnic categories were neither neat nor simple, as it is highly critical. People’s identities are not fixed and are always changing.

The experience of Cultural Hybridity

The experience of Cultural Hybridity is a sense of pride and feelings of belonging with any of them. People may adopt or resist cultural hybridity, giving them a sene of freedom and makes others feel ‘out of place’. They may also code switch their cultures by changing their language and behaviour. However they may experience discrimination or judgement for not being easy to categorise.

Definition of ethnic diversity

refers to the cultural diversity of societies in terms of their demographic make-up and presence in the community.

What is the first generations?

When both parents are born overseas

What is second generations?

When an individual is born in Australia and either one or both parents are born overseas.

What is third generations?

When both parents and individuals are born in Australia

Define Comparative perspectives methodology

is a type of research where two objects of study are looked at in relation to each other.

Differences between Australia vs England and Wales ?

• England and Wales uses colour-based terms like ‘White’ or ‘Black’, while Australia does not.

• Often uses quite different and often broader categories and sub-categories

• England and Wales did not collect information on specific denominations within Christianity.

Similarities between Australia vs England and Wales?

• Both countries had similar rates of no religion, and roughly similar proportion of Christian respondents.

• English was overwhelmingly the dominant language

• Punjabi was among the five most common languages

Define Multiculturalism?

is the practice of several different cultures coexisting peacefully and equitably in a single country.

what is the historical context of multiculturalism?

It was discriminated against people who didn’t conform with social constructions of whiteness. Part through the introduction the “language dictation test” was introduced. Stanley bruce in 1920s, stated to keep the nation ‘white’

Historical context of multiculturalism in 1940s

Expansion of the range of backgrounds that was considered suitable for integration. As the European heritage was beyond just “Great Britain”. The popular sentiment was a racial extermination defeated by Nazi Germany in Europe

Historical context of multiculturalism before late 1960s

They were seen as impediments, as they get the policy was an inhibited trade, diplomatic relations and cross- cultural influence. This has resulted in labour shortages that could only be met with immigration.Resulted in labour shortages that could only be met with immigration.

Historical context of multiculturalism in 1970s

In 1977 the Ethnic Affairs Council recommended that multiculturalism become official public policy. In 1979 Australian Institute of Multicultural Affairs  = raise awareness of cultural diversity and promote social cohesion, understanding and tolerance.This was maintained by the subsequent Labor governments of Bob Hawke and Paul Keating.

Historical context of multiculturalism in 1990s

Pauline Hanson was emerged as an unapologetic critic of multiculturalism and immigration from Asia. As Tensions were raised and inflamed by ‘War on terror’. both expanded opportunities for veiled and coded attempts to polarise the population along cultural lines

What was involved in the contemporary concept of multiculturalism in Australia?

Characterised by language around diversity and inclusion. Non-Anglo festivals and religious holidays are celebrated called Diwali, Hannukah, Ramadan or Orthodox Easter. As they Focuses on understanding and sharing culture.

What will the Australian Multicultural Council (AMC) ?

body of members of home affairs that prioritise identifying efforts to promote multiculturalism and social cohesion in australia

Definition of belonging

refers to the emotional experience of feeling secure and supported within a group. It includes the feelings of acceptance and inclusion among members of a particular community.

Definition of inclusion

refers to individuals and groups having the resources, opportunities and capabilities to learn, work, engage and have a voice in society.

Definition of preventers

are factors that limit, obstruct or make it difficult for an individual or group to feel safe and included in multicultural Australia.

Definition of enablers

are factors that encourage, promote or make it possible for an individual or group to feel safe and included in multicultural society.

Discuss Ethnicity Origins

Stuart Hall argued in the 90s that it is not ‘natural’ occurrences, but rather ‘are constructed historically, culturally, politically”. Ethnicity can be seen as a concept that implies much more room for change driven by members in response to their own beliefs and preferences and in response to other social, political and cultural developments.