Midterm Review on Medieval Europe and the Islamic World

These flashcards cover essential vocabulary and key concepts from the lecture notes related to Medieval Europe and the Renaissance.

Secularization

The process of developing various activities outside the sphere of religion.

Black Death

The plague that struck Europe in 1348, transmitted by fleas carried by rats; killed millions.

Wat Tyler's Rebellion

A large-scale peasant uprising against the government in England in 1381.

Hundred Years' War

Conflict that began in 1337, between England and France; France won but suffered great losses.

Boniface VIII

Pope involved with the Babylonian captivity; issued the Unam Sanctum.

Unam Sanctum

A papal bull by Pope Boniface VIII stating salvation is only found in the church.

Annates

A payment from the recipient of an ecclesiastical benefice to the ordaining authorities.

Council of Constance

Meeting in 1414 aimed at ending the 3-way schism, destroying heresy, and reforming the church.

Avignon

The city where one of the two popes resided, known for its beautiful papal court.

Lollards

Believers in the ideas of William Langland which criticized the hypocrisy of the wealthy.

John Wyclif

A teacher at Oxford who argued that ordinary people could access salvation through scripture.

John Huss

A spokesperson for the Lollards in Bohemia; associated with the Hussite movement.

Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges

French church decree affirming the supremacy of councils over popes and independence from Rome.

Simony

The buying and selling of church offices.

Nepotism

The practice of favoring family members in appointments, especially in positions of power.

Indulgences

Donations to the church allowing individuals to possibly be spared from purgatory's punishments.

Quattrocentro

The Italians' term for the fifteenth century during which city-states thrived.

Medici Family

Hereditary grand dukes of Tuscany, influential in the Middle Ages.

Virtu

The quality of being a knowledgeable and resourceful man, excelling in various disciplines.

Petrarch

A poet of the early Renaissance who criticized clergymen and wrote introspective pieces.

Leonardo da Vinci

Renowned painter known for works such as The Last Supper.

Raphael

Famous painter known for his depictions of Madonnas.

Boccaccio

Author of The Decameron, which explored human character and behavior.

Castiglione and The Courtier

A book on the behaviors and values necessary for gentlemen in Renaissance society.

Popolo grasso

The elite class in Renaissance city-states.

Mediocri

The middle class in Renaissance city-states.

Popolo minuti

The poor class or peasants within Renaissance city-states.

Grandi

Wealthy merchants governing Florence with support from lesser merchants.

Signoria

Committee of nine members in Florence proposing laws and conducting affairs.

Pazzi Conspiracy

An assassination attempt on Lorenzo the Magnificent during mass that failed.

Council of Seventy

Elected committees in the Renaissance assigned domestic and foreign responsibilities.

Pagan Humanism

The focus on secular literature during the Renaissance.

Regiomontanus

Johann Muller, a mathematician who laid the foundations for modern astronomy.

Copernicus

Geographer who proposed that the Earth revolves around the Sun.

Inquisition

Church court in Spain with extensive powers over Spanish territories.

Conquest of Granada

The event marking the end of Muslim rule in Spain.

Habsburgs

Ruling family of the Holy Roman Empire known for their political intermarriages.

Martin Luther

Protestant reformer who questioned church practices and emphasized justification by faith.

Ninety-Five Theses

Luther's list of grievances against the Catholic Church.

Diet of Worms

Imperial assembly where Luther refused to recant his teachings.

Anabaptists

Group of early Protestant reformers advocating for adult baptism.

Peace of Augsburg

Treaty ending the Schmalkaldic War that allowed states to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism.

John Calvin

French reformer known for his doctrine of predestination and the Institutes of the Christian Religion.

Presbyteries

Elected bodies of ministers and laymen in Calvinism.

Huguenots

French Calvinists.

John Knox

Brought Calvinism to Scotland, establishing Presbyterianism as the state religion.

Act of Supremacy

1534 declaration establishing the monarch as the supreme head of the Church of England.

Thirty-Nine Articles

A set of doctrines defining the beliefs of the Church of England.

Vulgate

Latin translation of the Bible sanctioned by the Catholic Church.

Pluralism

Church abuse where individuals hold multiple church offices.

Paul III

The first of the reforming popes in the Catholic Church.

Jesuits

A religious order focused on education and missionary work, established by St. Ignatius Loyola.

Ursulines

A new religious order for women.