AP World Quiz 6

westerlies

winds that blow from west to east

trade winds

prevailing winds that blow northeast from 30 degrees north latitude to the equator and that blow southeast from 30 degrees south latitude to the equator

charter company

an association formed by investors or shareholders for the purpose of trade, exploration, and colonization

mercantilism

an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

caravel

a small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic

Atlantic System

the network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin

Middle Passage

a voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Vasco de Gama

this Portuguese explorer was the first European sailor to sail around Africa in 1498 and make it to India

Christopher Columbus

he mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire

portolan maps

maps with lines radiating from compasses that showed routes to important ports

encomienda system

it gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work; in exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity

Spanish caste system

system based on race that was used for social control and also determined a person's role and importance in society; Peninsular, Creole, Mestizo, Mulatto, Zambo

Columbian Exchange

the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages

indentured servants

colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Tokugawa Shogunate

a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule; they moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo

Shimabara Rebellion

peasant uprising, protest against taxes but also religious persecution, defeated, led to end of Christianity in Japan before the 19th century, contact with foreigners restricted

sakoku

during the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan, the policy of closing the country to foreign trade with Europe and encouraging domestic production of goods that had previously been imported

guild

a medieval organization of crafts workers or tradespeople

Philip II of Spain

the son of Charles V who later became husband to Mary I and king of Spain and Portugal; he supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598); he was a intolerant, Catholic king

Louis XIV of France

"Sun King", absolute monarch of France, built Palace of Versailles, revoked Edict of Nantes

Battle of Lepanto

this was the large-scale naval battle in which the Christian alliance defeated the Ottoman Empire near Greece in 1571 to secure control of the Mediterranean Sea

Siege of Vienna

failed attempt by Ottoman Empire to invade Europe, ever since Europe had to fear/keep peace with Ottoman Empire - farthest Westward advance into Central Europe of the Ottoman Empire, and of all the clashes between the armies of Christianity

Protestant Reformation

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Martin Luther

this is the name of the German monk who questioned the Church in 1517

95 Theses

it was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation; contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Songhai Empire

a state located in western Africa from the early 15th to the late 16th centuries following the decline of the Mali Empire; the Saadi Dynasty of Morocco attack in the 16th century seeking plunder

Askia the Great

Songhai ruler, he overthrew Sunni Baru; his reign was the high point of Songhai culture

Ottoman Empire

a Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922

devshirme

'selection' in Turkish; the system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries

Suleiman the Magnificent

the most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as 'The Lawgiver;' he significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean

Ottoman miniature painting

small paintings that were popular in the middle east and south Asia in the 15th and 16th centuries, often depicting scenes from the Qu'ran

Safavid Empire

Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state

Ottoman-Safavid Conflict

fighting between a Sunni Muslim Kingdom and a Shia Muslim Kingdom

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

Akbar the Great

known for religious tolerance; grandson of Babur who created a strong central government

Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)

minority Manchu rule over China that incorporated new territories, experienced substantial population growth, and sustained significant economic growth

Manchus

northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty, ended the last Han Dynasty, and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties

Emperor Kangxi

this was the great Qing Emperor from 1654 to 1722 who vastly expanded China's borders, including much of Central Asia and Tibet in the Himalayan Plateau

Gunpowder Empires

Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes

Ivan III the Great

(1462-1505) the Slavic Grand Duke of Moscow, he ended nearly 200 years of Mongol domination of his dukedom; the Russian leader that used the state to conquer and incorporate the Republic of Novgorod and the majority of the Russian people and crowned himself Tsar of the Rus

Muscovy

the Russian feudal duchy that emerged as a local power gradually during the era of Mongol domination; Moscow became the power center of Russian society and eventually, they rebelled against Mongol domination; the Muscovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598

Peter the Great of Russia

the Russian Tsar in 1682 that greatly expanded and centralized the Russian state, largely modeling it after Louis the 14th of France

zamindars

archaic tax system of the Mughal empire where decentralized lords collected tribute for the emperor

Taj Mahal

beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife

Palace of Versailles

a palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles

Scientific Revolution

a major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs

vodun

African religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti

kabuki

a type of Japanese drama in which music, dance, and mime are used to present stories

Shakespeare

English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)

Cervantes

Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616)

Scientific Method

a series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions

Copernicus

devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth

heliocentric theory

the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

Little Ice Age

a century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s; its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable

gentry

a general term for a class of prosperous families, sometimes including but often ranked below the rural aristocrats

English Civil War

civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I

Glorious Revolution

a reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange

the pope

this was the primary authority and source of power for the Catholic Church prior to the 16th century

Printing Press

this device allowed for mass production of written material and allowed the quick spread of religious/scientific ideas

Battle of Diu

this was the name of the battle in which the Portuguese security victory over Omani forces for control of the Indian Ocean in 1509

The Thirty Years War

this was the decades-long conflict between Catholics and Protestants in the early 17th century that signified the last religious war in Europe, as well as the decline of Spain and the Catholic powers

Muscovy

this was the name of the Russian state that emerged as the dominant Russian principality in the 16th century

Ivan IV (the Terrible)

this was the name of the Russian leader in the 16th century who used terror tactics to consolidate his monarchy power and crush any resistance from the ability and Eastern Europe

boyars

the name of the powerful noble class in Eastern Europe

St. Petersburg

the capital in which Peter the Great built near the ball to coast an attempt to set up a Maritime Empire modeled after Western European states

the Winter Palace

this is the name of the grand palace Peter the Great built to emulate the Versailles palace constructed by Louis XIV

Zheng He

this is the name of the Ming Admiral who sailed the Indian Ocean with a massive Chinese fleet and connected China to the Indian Ocean and Muslim merchants

Confucian Examination System

this was the system kept in place by the Qing Dynasty to filter and select government officials in order to maintain Han acceptance and stability

Qing Dynasty methods of control

queue- a Manchu style patch of hair gathered long and uncut in the back, showing submission to the Qing dynasty
Banning of Intermarriages