AP World Exam (Units 1-9)

Social Classes in China (1200-1450)

Emperor

Upper - Scholar gentry (people educated in Confucianism): could become one, based on the civil service exam

Middle - Farmers, Artisans, Merchants

Lower - Peasants, Slaves

Gender Roles in China (1200-1450)

women weren't given many rights but were respected; foot binding was common

Political Organization in China (1200-1450)

Imperial Bureaucracy - emperor was at the top, gentry/nobles carried out his commands.

Meritocracy - people gained their political positions based on merit test

Religions in China (1200-1450)

Daoism, Buddhism, and Neo-Confucianism. Neo-Confucianism was a combination of ideas from Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism.

Why was China so successful economically? (1200-1450)

The Song Dynasty constructed the Grand Canal, which made trade more successful. Tea, porcelain, and textiles were traded. They had Proto-Industrialization, which is when farmers produce more goods than they can sell (surplus). They also had tributes from neighboring dynasties.

What innovations did China make during this time? (1200-1450)

- They created the first guns under the Song Dynasty using gunpowder

-Champa Rice: very fast-ripening rice, allowed for an excess amount of crop to be created each year, caused population increase

-Steel was used to make bridges, gates, and ship anchors

-Irrigation systems

-Paper and printing was created

-Magnetic compass

Chinese Influence on Neighbors: Japan (1200-1450)

Buddhism, Confucianism, woodblock printing, Heian period (when Japan emulated Chinese traditions in politics, art, and literature)

Chinese Influence on Neighbors: Korea (1200-1450)

Tribute relations, centralized government like China, Confucianism, and Buddhism.

Chinese Influence on Neighbors: Vietnam (1200-1450)

Writing, architecture, tributes

Describe the political organization of the Abbasids (1200-1450)

Led by Arabs and Persians, merchants were higher class. The Caliph (emperor) led the Abbasids as an imperial bureaucracy, no civil service exam

How did the Abbasids treat non-Muslims? (1200-1450)

Non-Muslims had to pay a tax, and they were also allowed to become slaves

Political Problems of the Abbasids (1200-1450)

The Abbasids were invaded by the Seljuk Turks, and eventually their highest-ranking caliph was reduced to Chief Sunni (religious authority). They were also invaded by the Crusaders as they tried to gain back the Holy Lands in the crusades.

Gender Roles of the Islamic States (Abbasids) (1200-1450)

Muslim women had a much higher status than other Jewish or Christian women at the time. They could be educated, there was no female infanticide, they could inherit property, remarry, and get divorced.

Economy in the Islamic States (Abbasids) (1200-1450)

At first the Islamic states did well in trade, but slowly the trade shifted from Baghdad up north and they could no longer produce enough food or maintain infrastructure

Innovations in Islam (1200-1450)

The Islamic scholars translated Aristotle and other Greek thinkers in Arabic, studied mathematics, learned how to make paper, and made medical advances. They also spread libraries, schools, literature, and poetry. Sufis became popular (a group similar to Muslims who believed in certain ideas and introspection that had to be seperate from learning the Quran)

What was Islam like in relation to Europe? (1200-1450)

The Islamic rule moved to Spain and Europe in 711 CE. They influenced Europe in science, mathematics, and medicine. Without them, the Renaissance wouldn't have happened. Islam did not have a problem with technology and mathematics in relation to their religion, while Europe did.

Major States in South Asia (1200-1450)

Delhi Sultanate: Northern Muslim Empire; South Asia was not united, the north and south were different, there was a lot of smaller kingdoms

Social System in South Asia (1200-1450)

caste system - it lent stability to a politically decentralized land, Caste is a reflection of your previous life; lots of discrimination

Religion in South Asia (1200-1450)

Buddhism and Hinduism, many were wanting to convert to Islam when it came around because they believed converting would raise their social class. Most converts to Islam were Buddhists, Islam made Buddhism a minority religion in its place of birth.

Interactions with Environment South Asia (1200-1450)

irrigation, agriculture, situated along ocean trade routes

Sea-Based Empires in Southeast Asia (1200-1450)

Srivijaya Empire (670-1025) Hindu kingdom on Sumatra, built up navy, charged fees for ships travelling between India and China

Majapahit Kingdom (1293-1520) Buddhist kingdom on Java, had 98 tributaries, controlled sea routes

Land-Based Empires in Southeast Asia (1200-1450)

Sinhala Dynasty - In Sri Lanka, center of Buddhist studies, 3rd century BCE, reservoirs and canals provided good irrigation systems which contributed to economic growth, conflicts between monarchy and priests weakened kingdoms

Khmer Empire - (802-1431) located near Mekong River, irrigation and drainage systems led to economic prosperity, Hindu at first, slowly added Buddhism

Religions in Southeast Asia (1200-1450)

Islam, Sufis (Missionary work), Hinduism, Buddhism (Indian religions)

Trade in Southeast Asia (1200-1450)

Trade influenced religion, gold, silver, metal goods, textiles were traded for spices

Who were the Bantu and why were they important? (1200-1450)

Bantu tribes migrated across southern Africa, spreading agriculture, ironworking, language and culture to those areas.

Bantu groups migrated to the East African coast and interacted with Arab traders, resulting in Swahili city-states for Indian Ocean trade.

6 more Important Empires in Africa (1200-1450)

Kingdom of Ghana - first great Trade State of West Africa

Hausa Kingdoms - 7 ethnic city-states in modern Nigeria, they lacked central authority

Kingdom of Mali - Capital of Timbuktu, were built on the Gold and Salt Trade

Kingdom of Songhai - South of Niger River, gained control of trade in West Africa with the conquest of Timbuktu and Jenne in 1464

Great Zimbabwe - major kingdom in southern Africa: it prospered from trade with Muslim merchants on the coast of the Indian Ocean

Swahili City-States - grew into a strand of trade port city-states, grew quite wealthy from trade with India, China, and West Africa

How did Africa keep some of their native traditions? (1200-1450)

African societies that adopted Islam and kept many of their traditions - music, visual arts, and stories were important parts of culture (free time), song lyrics communicated with the spiritual world, storytellers held lots of power

New Religions in Africa (1200-1450)

Islam - monotheistic and most of the African population was polytheistic, so that was a challenge

Christianity - monotheistic and stayed mostly in Ethiopia

These blended with traditional African religions (Christianity: amulets, spirits; Islam: women had more freedoms)

Africa's effect on the Global Economy (1200-1450)

Indian Ocean slave trade between Africa and the Middle East lasted into the 20th century, Trans-Saharan trade routes made kingdoms extremely rich

What were two important trade systems Africa was a part of? (1200-1450)

Trans-Saharan trade routes and the Indian Ocean slave trade

What institution played the largest role in European society? (1200-1450)

The Roman Catholic Church played the most important role because there was no other institution with as much authority in Europe. For example, all of the art was religious so that the illiterate could learn about religion.

The Crusades (1200-1450)

The Crusades were when Europeans invaded Dar al Islam/The Abbasids in order to take back the Holy Land (Jerusalem). They were important because they brought back a lot of ideas from the lands and increased trade (merchants came in contact with each other). One long0term effect was increased interest in Eastern luxury goods and technology

Gender Roles in Europe (1200-1450)

Women had very little rights, especially as it became more urban. They could become nuns or artisans, but were usually uneducated.

Social System in Europe (1200-1450)

Feudalism

King - gave land to the nobles, nobles gave the king money and soldiers

Nobles - gave land to the knights, got protection from knights

Knights - gave protection to peasants, peasants gave food and service to knights

Peasants - got protection from knights and gave food and services

Political Organization of Europe (1200-1450)

Pope: highest position

Bishops: regional leaders that answer to the pope

Priests: local leaders

Mississippian Culture (1200-1450)

First large-scale civilization in North America (started in 700s-800s), Located in Mississippi River Valley, Matrilineal

Social structure:

-Chiefs in large towns

-Upper class of priest and nobles

-Lower class of farmers, merchants, and artisans

-Slaves

Maya (1200-1450)

Was polytheistic with nature, made offerings to the gods/human sacrifices, studied heavens+calendars, and was ruled by city-states. (each with its own kind and had 5,000 to 50,000 people)

Aztecs (1200-1450)

"The Mexicas" - Capital city was Tenochtitlan (on island in swampy lake, protected it from attacks)

They had chinampas (floating gardens, people dug ditches for irrigation)

Tribute system, was a theocracy, many gods/human sacrifices, women wove cloth in high demand.

Social class:

-Emperor

-Land owning nobles

-Scribes and healers

-Craftspeople and traders

-Peasants and soldiers

Inca (1200-1450)

They had an emperor, organized into 4 provinces (each ruled by a governor)

Lived in a mountainous religion, main god was the sun god, built the Carpa Nan (25,000 mile road), mita system (free public service), waru waru (river beds between channels), quifu (knots to send messages/record numbers)

Where was the Silk Road located? (1200-1450)

Ranged across Central Asia, China, India, Persia, Europe, and Africa

Who traded along the Silk Road? (1200-1450)

Islamic merchants

What were some of the causes of the growth of the Silk Road? (1200-1450)

Mongols improved roads and protected merchants from attacks, the Crusades, demand for luxury goods, improvements in transportation technology (caravans, saddles, naval improvements), Arab merchants revived the roads in the 8th and 9th centuries

What were the economic and political effects of the Silk Road's expansion? (1200-1450)

- Economic: paper money, flying cash, banking houses, system of credit

- Political: Governments took a more active role in the economy, taxed people and controlled who went in and out and who could trade (regulations), new cities along the trade routes that became centers of trade

Where were the Indian Ocean trade routes? (1200-1450)

Indian Ocean Basin

Who traded along the Indian Ocean trade routes? (1200-1450)

Islamic merchants

What were the causes of the growth of Indian Ocean Trade? (1200-1450)

Monsoon winds, lateen sails, stern rudder, astrolabe - made travel easier and safer

What were the effects of the Indian Ocean Trade? (1200-1450)

Spread Islam (Islamic merchants), Buddhism, and Hinduism, Diasporic communities

Diasporic Communities (1200-1450)

as the sailors waited for good monsoon winds, they formed small communities in places they stopped at, this majorly spread their cultures around the world

Where were the Trans-Saharan trade routes? (1200-1450)

Saharan Desert

Who traded along the Trans-Saharan trade routes? (1200-1450)

Islamic Merchants

What were the causes of the growth of Trans-Saharan Trade? (1200-1450)

Caravans, camels, and saddles - easier transportation, oases

What were the effects of the Trans-Saharan Trade? (1200-1450)

Sub-Saharan African kingdoms became integrated into world trade - Ghana, Mali, Songhai (used to be mostly isolated), Islam spread (Islamic merchants)

What were some cultural effects of trade (Religions)? (1200-1450)

Arrival of new religions would unite people, styles and themes of art and architecture were spread by religions

How did trade affect science and technology? (1200-1450)

Islamic scholars translated Greek writings into Arabic, brought back mathematical ideas from India and papermaking from China, studied medicine from Greeks, Mesopotamians, and Egyptians

How did trade affect agriculture? (1200-1450)

- Population increases put pressure on the environment

- Deforestation led to soil erosion, not enough resources for everyone (lots of people evacuated Great Zimbabwe in late 1400s)

- Degradation: environment suffered because of an increase in demand for products

How was the bubonic plague spread? (1200-1450)

Trade helped spread the bubonic plague, the Mongol conquests spread the fleas that carried the disease, caravanserai housed people close together (spread more)

What were the effects of the Black Death? (1200-1450)

Over ⅓ of European population died, economic activity declined, exposure to new ideas from Byzantium and the Muslim world contributed to the Renaissance period and rise of secularism (moved away from religious principles more towards scientific principles - separation of church and state)

Marco Polo (1200-1450)

From Venice, Italy, visited the court of Kublai Khan; wrote a book about his travels, no one believed his stories about the wealth and advancements of China

Ibn Battuta (1200-1450)

Muslim scholar from Morocco, set out to discover more about the world that he had read about, traveled all through central, south, and southeast Asia, China, Spain, North Africa, Mali, wrote a book about the places he visited

Zheng He (1200-1450)

Chinese explorer sent out by Ming Dynasty to assert Chinese dominance in Indian Ocean and establish new trading relations for China, spread Chinese culture and helped with trade

Where did the Mongols come from? (1200-1450)

From north of Gobi Desert in East Asia, hunter-foragers, everyone had to be trained in horseback riding, hunting, and warfare

Where was the Mongolian Empire? (1200-1450)

Capital at Karakorum, center of modern-day Mongolia, all of central Asia (North China Sea to East Persia)

How did the Mongols treat the people they conquered? (1200-1450)

Anyone who refused to surrender was brutally murdered, if they complied there was religious tolerance and some freedoms

Golden Horde (1200-1450)

- in Russia

- Worked through existing Russian rulers

- Batu, Genghis Khan's grandson, marched 100,000 soldiers into Russia, and forced them westward, they had to pay tribute

Ilkhanate (1200-1450)

- in Central Asia; ranged from Byzantium to the Oxus River

- Mongols ruled with Persians serving as ministers and local officials

- Hulegu, Khan's grandson, destroyed Baghdad and killed the caliph, pushed westward

Yuan Dynasty (1200-1450)

- in China

- Kublai Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan) defeated the Chinese and made the capital Dadu

- Improved trade with other countries

- Treated Chinese very badly

- Mongols ruled completely

Lasting Impacts of the Mongolian Empire (1200-1450)

- Largest contiguous land empire in history

- Pax Mongolica revitalized trade in Asia, Middle East, Europe, and Africa

- Interregional cultural exchange (trade effects)

- Bubonic Plague was spread in conquests and trade

- Understood centralized power and spread it around (Europe, Asia, Southeast Asia copied them)

- Fighting techniques ended the use of knights in Europe (too slow)

What are some general political trends in Europe from 1450-1750?

Government was very involved in taxes, military decisions, and religion

Describe the main economic system used in Europe from 1450-1750.

Mercantilism (exports>imports)

France Characteristics (1450-1750)

Louis XIV "Sun King" built castle @ Versailles, threw parties, absolute monarch, had bureaucracy and standing army

England Characteristics (1450-1750)

English Civil War - King Charles I fought parliament to become a dictatorship (he was Catholic and England wasn't, he passed taxes without permission), he was beheaded

Oliver Cromwell turned England into a dictatorship (monarchy was later restored in 1660)

Glorious Revolution - King James II didn't share power with parliament, he was overthrown and William and Mary took over and ruled with parliament

Netherlands Characteristics (1450-1750)

Originally ruled by King Philip II of Spain - he was Roman Catholic and the people were protestant, so they declared independence from Spain and started a republic (with a monarch as the head)

Russia Characteristics (1450-1750)

Peter the Great (absolute monarch) traveled to Western Europe to get new ideas to modernize Russia; he made a new calendar, built a palace on Versailles (Peterhof), made new laws, reformed Russian Orthodox Church, created a modernized military

What was the Renaissance? (1450-1750)

a rebirth of learning that produced many great works of art and literature

How was the Renaissance influenced by Islamic developments? (1450-1750)

Greek writings were translated by Islamic Scholars

List some important thinkers of the Renaissance. (1450-1750)

Petrarch, Michelangelo, Dante Alighieri, Leonardo Da Vinci, Christine de Pizan, Erasmus

What was the Reformation? (1450-1750)

A religious movement of the 16th century - began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church, resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Who was Martin Luther? (1450-1750)

German Priest responsible for writing the "95 Theses" which was a list of topics up for debate about the church. He believed that one could reach Salvation through their faith, and thought the process of selling indulgences was corrupt

List some characteristics of the Protestant Faith. (1450-1750)

Believe that one should read the bible themselves, one could reach salvation through faith alone, and pastors can marry

List some characteristics of the Catholic Faith. (1450-1750)

Pope is religious authority, jesuits, inquisition

How was England involved in the reformation? (1450-1750)

Henry VIII couldn't get a divorce, split off and made his own church (Protestant)

What was the Scientific Revolution? (1450-1750)

The series of events that led to the birth of modern science

List some famous thinkers of the scientific revolution. (1450-1750)

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek (cell theory), Isaac Newton (gravity and motion), Francis Bacon (scientific method)

What are some important characterics of the Ming Dynasty? (1450-1750)

Restored native rule to China

Hongwu drove Mongols out of China to create a tightly centralized state

Yongle launched naval expeditions to spread Chinese power/reputation

Built the Great Wall across the northern border

Caused a large population increase

Restored the Civil Service Exam

Increased size of China

Taxes: silver coins or rice - not paper money (counterfeited) collected by one citizen, given to government

Why did the Ming Dynasty collapse? (1450-1750)

Pirates and smugglers operated freely along the East coast

Clumsy and unorganized Imperial government

Famines struck in the early 1600s

Peasants started to revolt

Manchu forces invaded from the north

Social Aspects of the Qing Dynasty (1450-1750)

Patriarchal, foot binding, women couldn't divorce or take civil service exam, father was head of household

Emperor was head of social structure

Scholar Gentry (educated on Confucian beliefs) worked for government after taking civil service exam

Population growth

Han Chinese were most populous (Manchus were above them)

Political Aspects of the Qing Dynasty (1450-1750)

Had military campaigns

Continued tax collections that Ming introduced

Imperial bureaucracy

Civil service exam

Overthrown by White Lotus Society

Interactions with the environment Qing Dynasty (1450-1750)

Flood control, irrigation

Increase in agriculture/crops

More food means more people

Cultural Aspects of the Qing Dynasty (1450-1750)

Chinese men had to shave their heads (strict hairstyle)

Neo-Confucianism (blend of Confucianism with Buddhism and Daoism)

Filial Piety (father head of household, wife respects husband, child respects father)

Economic Aspects of the Qing Dynasty (1450-1750)

Global trade brought enormous wealth to China

Urban growth and manufacturing success

Agricultural success led to population growth

Silk and porcelain industries were extremely successful

Technological Aspects of the Qing Dynasty (1450-1750)

Restored Great Wall

National school systems

Gunpowder

Paper-making

Ottoman Empire (1450-1750)

Social: patriarchal

Political: Bureaucracy w/ one main leader, strict legal system, organized military

Interactions w/ Environment: Located in old Byzantine Empire, Columbian Exchange

Cultural: Practiced Sunni Islam, Istanbul (religious learning capital)

Economic: Introduced a ban on trade w Safavids to assert dominance, tax-farming on peasants, grew corrupt when taxes were stolen by tax-collectors

Technological: Cannons, Tributes from Venice, Gunpowder

Safavid Empire (1450-1750)

Social: patriarchal

Political: monarchy/bureaucracy

Interactions w/ Environment: Located in Old Persian Empire (Iran, Afghanistan), Columbian Exchange

Cultural: Shia Islam (against Ottomans), Spoke Turkish

Economic: Silk trade center, Weakened economy due to overspending on luxury goods and military, Taxes used to encourage adherence to Shia Islam

Technological: Gunpowder, Used tech left behind by the Persians, Made new naval ships to protect trade, The need for new tech was driven by the need to fight the more advanced Ottomans

Mughal Empire (1450-1750)

Social: patriarchal

Political: took over North India, Akbar - Mughal leader, centralized administration, ministry regulated provinces, provided religious toleration

Interactions w/ Environment: Located in old Delhi Sultanate (South Asia), Columbian Exchange

Cultural: Taj Mahal (monumental architecture)Economic: Extremely rich and successful, Overseas trade brought prosperity, tax-farming on peasants, grew corrupt when taxes were stolen by tax-collectors

Technological: Gunpowder, Taj Mahal, Failed to keep up with the military innovations of external enemies, Advanced in scientific, medical, and astronomical fields

Describe the expansion and fall of Songhai in Africa. (1450-1750)

West African trade empire, Timbuktu was capital, Islamic Empire, declined when trade began to decline and invaded from Morocco

Describe the expansion and fall of the Kongo in Africa. (1450-1750)

Strong kingdom, declined when their good relationship with the Portuguese ended; lost a war to Portuguese

What religions existed in Africa? (1450-1750)

Christianity and Islam

How did society change in Africa? (1450-1750)

population growth from an increase in crops

Explain how rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires from 1450 to 1750.

Louis XIV: claimed divine right gave him the power to rule, used the palace at Versailles to keep nobles close to him and prevent them from rebellion

Peter the Great: traveled to Western Europe to get new ideas to modernize Russia, made new laws to keep his people in check

England discovered that Parliament being involved with governmental decisions was essential for their success and when trying to avoid a dictatorship

Explain continuity and change within the various belief systems during the period from 1450 to 1750.

Christianity: stayed monotheistic, but split (Reformation)

Islam: stayed monotheistic, but split (Sunni + Shia)

Confucianism: created Neo-Confucianism