Industrial Revolution (contin

Mills of Manchester and Day of A Child Labor

Manchester’s rapid, unplanned growth made it an unhealthy place for the poor people who lived and worked there. But wealth flowed from its factories. It went first to the mill owners and the new middle class. Eventually, although not immediately, the working class saw their standard of living rise as well. Manchester’s business owners took pride in mastering each detail of the manufacturing process. They worked many hours and risked their own money. For their efforts, they were rewarded with high profits. Many erected gracious homes on the outskirts of town. Workers labored under terrible conditions. Children as young as six joined their parents in the factories. There, for six days a week, they toiled from 6 A.M. to 7 or 8 P.M., with only half an hour for lunch and an hour for dinner. To keep the children awake, mill supervisors beat them. Tiny hands repaired broken threads in Manchester’s spinning machines, replaced thread in the bobbins, or swept up cotton fluff. The dangerous machinery injured many children. The fluff filled their lungs and made them cough.To keep the children awake, mill supervisors beat them. Tiny hands repaired broken threads in Manchester’s spinning machines, replaced thread in the bobbins, or swept up cotton fluff. The dangerous machinery injured many children. The fluff filled their lungs and made them cough.

Child Labor Laws

The first Factory Act had restricted working age and hours. For years after the act passed, young children still did heavy, dangerous work in Manchester’s factories.

Inventions Created During This Time

Electric bulb (Thomas Edison), telegraph (Samuel Morse), steamboats (Robert Fulton), pasteurization (Louis Pasteur), telephone (Alexander Graham Bell), seed drill (Jethro Tull), spinning wheel (James Hargreaves, the water frame (Richard Arkwright), flying shuttle (John Kay), power loom(Edmund Cartwright, cotton gin (Eli Whitney), railroad (George Stephenson), airplane (Orville and Wilbur Wright , reaper(Cyrus McCormick), vaccination (Edward Jenner) antiseptic (Joseph Lister) and electric battery (Alessandro Volta).

Monopolies and their effects

When a business or person takes over complete control of a resource, an industry or market. Monopolies can, allow one company to dominate all the other industries trying to sell the same product. A monopoly can limit other companies from trying to same product as them. Monopolies, can become so powerful, they can allow a company to have to shut down. Leaving, those who had preference of a company they liked, to have to buy from the only company left. Ex. Amazon today

Life in the factory during the 1800s

Men, women and children worked during daylight hours, six days a week in factories. They had short time off during the day at lunchtime. Machines had injured workers. There were no safety devices on the machines to prevent the workers from getting hurt. Or, no government program to provide aid in case of injury. They had been paid low wages. Ex. China today.

Influence of railroads on industrialization

Railroads spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport materials and finished products. Second, the railroad boom created hundreds of thousands of new jobs for both railroad workers and miners. These miners provided iron for the tracks and coal for the steam engines. Third, the railroads boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries, which could transport their products to distant cities. Finally, by making travel easier, railroads encouraged country people to take distant city jobs. Also, railroads lured city dwellers to resorts in the countryside. Railroads became the major means of transporting people and goods.

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

It created jobs for workers. It contributed to the wealth of the nation. It fostered technological progress and invention. It greatly increased the production of goods and raised the standard of living. Perhaps most important, it provided the hope of improvement in people’s lives. It had produced healthier diets, better housing, and cheaper, mass-produced clothing. As well as, expanded educational opportunities.

Effects on agriculture & land use

Jethro Tull’s seed drill had allowed seeds to be planted in rows. His other invention, the horse drawn hoe had allowed for a break up between the soil and rows of plants. These inventions, had allowed for farmers to produce more crops and save seeds while using the same amount of land that had always been farmed. Land owners had enclosed land that had begun in the 1500s. The enclosure movement and the creation of large fields made the use of new agricultural methods and machinery highly efficient. Large-scale production of British meat, wool and grains resulted. With new machines, a few workers could take care of larger farms and produce more grain. The increase in food production occurred at a time when the population was increasing and more people were seeking work in factories and growing cities.

Changes in manufacturing (what made it faster, etc.)

Eli Whitney had invented the cotton gin, which had made it possible to separate the seeds from cotton fibers much faster than could be done by hand. Weaving looms became too large to be used at home, so factories were built. James Watt had improved the steam engine, leading to factories switch from burning coal to obtain power. The coal had heated water to produce steam, which had drove the engine. As well as, made possible for factories to be located anywhere. More and more products had been made in factories, producing goods more rapidly and cheaply and in greater quantities than they could be by hand. More markets for goods had opened around the world.

Explain the similarities between European and U.S. labor unions.  

Both the European and US labor unions had early efforts at unionizing specific types of workers succeeding, for only a short time. Both, could not organize legally until 1824.

What were the differences between Socialism & Communism & Capitalism?

In capitalism, individuals and businesses own property and means of production. In socialism, the community of the state should own property and the means of production. In communism, a form of complete socialism land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses would be owned by the people. In capitalism, there is an unequal distribution of goods. Whereas, in communism all goods and services would be shared equally. In capitalism, progress results when individuals follow their own self-interest. However, in socialism progress results when a community of producers cooperate for the good of all.

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

Great Britain.

Explain the role of a labor union.

Labor unions, were factory workers who joined together in voluntary labor associations. Workers part of these labor unions had put more pressure on an employer to raise wages or improve working conditions than a single individual could. They had urged consumers not to buy the product until the employer came to an agreement with the union. They also, sometimes organized a boycott on an employer’s product.

Militarism, Alliance System, Imperialism, Nationalism

Militarism—> The belief that a country should maintain a strong military and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote its interests.

Alliances—> A mutual agreement between two countries, saying that they will be there for each other when their country is suffering/in war.

Imperialism—> The policy of extending authority and control over another territory or country.

Nationalism—> Feelings of cultural pride, loyalty and patriotism.

What countries attended the Berlin Conference?

• Austria-Hungary.

• Belgium.

• Denmark.

• France.

• Germany.

• Great Britain.

• Italy.

• The Netherlands.

• Portugal.

• Russia.

• Spain.

• Sweden-Norway. 

• Turkey (Ottoman Empire).

• The United States.