Unit 2 (Topic 2.1 to 2.5) Terms Quiz - APHG

Population Distribution

the arrangement of human settlement — the spread of people across the earth

Spatial Distribution

how resources, activities, and human demographic features of landscape are arranged across the space of the earth

World Population Clusters

major geographic regions where the vast majority of the global human population is densely concentrated

Ecumene

the inhabited places on earth: where people live

Non-Ecumene

the uninhabited places on earth: where people do NOT live

Arithmetic Density

the total number of people to the total land area (basic population density)

Physiological Density

the number of people to the arable, or farmable, land of a certain area

want # to be low b/c more arable land —> high carrying capacity

Agricultural Density

the number of farmers to the arable of a certain area

*want low agricultural density —> LDCs = less farmers (technology)

Carrying Capacity

the population it can support without significant environmental degradation

Overpopulation

exceeding the carrying capacity

Agglomeration

mass or collection of things —> clustering

Population Pyramid: The Christmas Tree

• rapid growth

• LDCs

• sub-saharan africa & parts of south asia (e.g. Afghanistan, Nigeria)

• high TFR/CBR, high youth dependency ratios

Population Pyramid: The Box

• slow to zero growth

• developing & more developed countries

• parts of latin america (Brazil, Mexico) & asia (India)

• falling CBR/CDR with TFR near replacement rate (2.1) - growth steady or slowing down gracefully

Population Pyramid: The Cup

• negative growth

• MDCs

• prevalent in high-income, highly developed regions like europe & east asia (Germany, Japan)

• low CBR, below replacement rate fertility, high life expectancies

Demography

study of human populations & population characteristics

Dependency Ratio

ratio of people not economically productive and must be supported by those who are economically productive

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

average # of children born to women of child-bearing age

Replacement Rate

2.1 babies per woman

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

total # of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old (for every 1,000 live births in a society)

Child Mortality Rate (CMR)

total # of deaths in a year among children between 1-5 years old

Demographic Momentum

tendency for growing populations to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution

(fertility reduce significantly, but population continues to grow many times for a generation or more)

Demographic Balancing Equation

Births + IN Migration - Deaths + OUT Migration = Total Population

• TP = OP + B - D + I - E

Doubling Time

the # of years it would take a population to double its size at its current growth rate

• doubling time (t) = 70/annual percentage rate (NIR) —> aka “rule of 70”

(ALWAYS DIVIDE BY A %)

Life Expectancy

average # of years an individual can expect to live based on current conditions

• although on average more males are born than females, females on average have a longer life expectancy than males

DTM: Stage 1

• population pyramid: none

• example countries: none

• diseases, no sanitation, chaos, nomads, people work in subsistence agriculture, no growth (NIR)

DTM: Stage 2

• population pyramid: christmas tree - RAPID GROWTH, LDCs

• example countries: Afghanistan & countries in sub-saharan africa

• starts w/ industrial revolution, increased rates of urbanization, increased society’s food surplus, medical advancements, high CBR, life expectancy, and emigration

DTM: Stage 3

• population pyramid: box - SLOWER GROWTH (not a full box yet, but bottom is getting smaller)

• example countries: Mexico & DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

• CBR starts to decrease & CDR continues to decrease, causes NIR to become more modern, manufacturing, no more need for larger families in cities with economic opportunities, medical advancements, decreased IMR, WOMEN’S RIGHTS, more jobs —> families having less kids, SLOWER GROWTH, WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

DTM: Stage 4

• population pyramid: box - LITTLE/NO GROWTH (STAYS SAME), MDCs

• example countries: United States, China, MDCs

• low CBR & CDR and low to flat NIR, more economic opportunities, higher rates of education for women, more jobs, more intra-regional migration, MAY EXPERIENCE ZPG (NIR 0) —> causes for this: more economic opportunities → more career focus → delayed marriage → children later → smaller family sizes , ECONOMY GROWS, VERY URBAN, MORE EDUCATION & OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN

DTM: Stage 5

• population pyramid: cup - NEGATIVE GROWTH, MDCs

• example countries: Japan, Germany, MDCs

• HIGH CDR → POPULATION DECREASE (negative NIR), majority of population located in post-reproductive years, LOWER WORKFORCE → HIGHER EMIGRATION INTO COUNTRY