The Brain & Cranium

cerebrum

diencephalon

brain stem

cerebellum

overarching areas in the brain (4)

dura mater

arachnoid space

pia mater

meninges layers (superficial to deep)

dura mater

tough layer of the meninges that includes the subdural space

subdural space

what space is housed in the dura mater of the meninges

subarachnoid space

what space is housed in the arachnoid mater of the meninges

arachnoid mater

layer of the meninges that has spider like projections

pia mater

layer of the meninges that digs onto the sulci and gyri of the brain

to increase surface area for more neurons to fit

why does the brain have sulci and gyri

the two hemispheres of the brain

what does the longitudinal fissure separate

gyri

sulci

fissures

what are the three surface markings of the cerebrum?

gyri

visible grooves in the brain (hills)

sulci

valleys or depressions in the brain

fissures

deeper sulci in the brain

frontal lobe

what is the most anterior lobe in the cerebrum?

temporal lobe

what is the most lateral lobe in the cerebrum?

occipital lobe

what is the most posterior lobe in the cerebrum?

connects one hemisphere to the other

what is the role of commissural fibers in the cerebrum

corpus callosum

a part of the longitudinal fissure that allows the communication between the two hemispheres of the brain

The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body and vice versa

Each hemisphere of the brain is concerned with the contralateral side of the body. What does this mean exactly?

central sulcus

this part of the cerebrum divides the frontal and parietal lobe

precentral gyrus

anterior to the central sulcus, and is the primary motor cortex of the cerebrum

postcentral gyrus

Posterior to central sulcus, and is the primary somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum

broca’s area

a part of Brodmann's area that is responsible for producing speech

wernicke’s area

a part of Brodmann's area that is responsible for the comprehension of language

thalamus

primary relay station of the diencephalon that sends signals to other areas of the cerebral cortex (sensory and motor)

hypothalamus

part of the diencephalon that includes autonomic functions and endocrine control

Pituitary gland

autonomic functions in the hypothalamus have connection to the…

nuclei

The hypothalamus is responsible for endocrine control. Hormones are produced in the ____ of the hypothalamus that have cascading effects to other hormones in the body.

epithalamus

this part of the diencephalon contains the pineal gland and regulates sleep-wake cycles

melatonin

what does the pineal gland secrete

brain stem

what part of the nervous system is inferior to the diencephalon

occipital lobe

visual

the superior colliculi of the midbrain are connected to the ____ lobe and deal with ____ processing

temporal lobe

auditory

the inferior colliculi of the midbrain are connected to the ____ lobe and deal with ____ processing

pons

located inferior to the midbrain

pons

part of the brain stem that has respiratory control (voluntary and involuntary)

cranial nerve 5-8

what cranial nerves originate from the pons of the brain stem

HR

breathing

BP

autonomic functions mainly

what does the medulla oblongata in the brain stem help regulate?

cranial nerves 9-12

what cranial nerve nuclei does the medulla oblongata include?

cerebellum

located in the hindbrain

Deals with motor coordination, motor learning, balance, and posture

cerebellum

you see a patient who has difficulty balancing. What part of the brain could possibly be affected by this?

arbovitrae

what part of the cerebellum makes up the white matter

subarachnoid space

where is cerebrospinal fluid located in the brain?

buoyancy to CNS structures

one of the main functions of cerebrospinal fluid is that it gives …

water

blood plasma

Recycle water for CSF production

_____ is used to form cerebrospinal fluid and it makes his way back into the bloodstream. This substace is usually formed from _______

ventricles in the brain

where does CSF come from

ependymal cells

what cells in the brain pull water from the blood to create CSF?

ependymal cells (to give water)

within each ventricle of the brain there are ____ cells

choroid plexus

within the ventricles of the brain (hangs from the roof of each ventricle) and produces CSF at a constant rate

pia mater

ependymal

clusters of capillaries in the choroid plexus are enclosed by ____ and a layer of _____ cells

8 hours

CSF formation by the choroid plexus is replaced every…

dural sinuses

arachnoid granulations allow CSF to move into…

dural sinuses

bloodstream

arachnoid granulations allow CSF to move into the _____ and Connect CSF back to the ____

carotid canal (inferior)

passageway, a part of internal carotid arteries, that is from the neck to the middle cranial fossa

intervertebral foreman

vertebral arteries slide through ____ in cervical vertebrae

basilar artery

pair of vertebral arteries forms the _____ artery

oxygenated blood

arteries of the brain carry arterial blood and bring _____ to the brain

basilar and internal carotid arteries

the circle of Willis connects the ____ and ____ arteries

anterior and posterior side of the brain

the circle of Willis creates redundancy, meaning that there is arterial flow up to the _____ and ____

get blood to a desired area if needed

the circle of Willis has multiple connections, so if there's blockage in one area, you can still ….

anterior

Come up toward the brain more anteriorly

internal carotid arteries enter more ____ to cervical vertebrae

basilar artery

part of the brain (circle of willis) that is more posterior and comes from two vertebral arteries

brain to the heart

the dural sinuses take blood from the ___ to the ____

cerebral veins

where does the dural sinus primarily receive blood from.

Dural sinuses

channels between dura mater layers

periosteal layer (one of the dural sinues)

the dura mater layers split into the longitudinal fissure, and the top layer of it is the ____ layer

Internal veins are in the brain

External veins are in the scalp area

the dural sinuses receive blood from internal and external veins. where are internal veins located? external?

subarachnoid space

the dural sinuses receive CSF from the _____

Blood from internal/ external veins

CSF from the subarachnoid space

what are the two things that dural sinuses receive?

internal jugular vein

dural sinuses empty into the _____ vein, as it works back toward the heart

flax cerebri

type of dura mater that runs through the longitudinal fissure

dura mater

falx cerebri and tentorial membrane are made up of ______

coronal suture

what suture is between the frontal and parietal bones

sagittal suture

what suture separates the two parietal bones

squamous suture

what suture separates the temporal and parietal bones

lambdoid suture

what suture separates the occipital from parietal bone

vomer

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

what two things in the nasal region help to make up the nasal septum

lacrimals

____ have foramina for tear ducts that are behind nasal bones

inferior

the maxilla makes up the what margin of orbit?

infraorbital foramen

this part of the maxilla allows passage of the facial artery and trigeminal nerve (cranial 5)

facial artery

trigeminal nerve (cranial 5)

the infraorbital foramen allows passage of the _____ artery and ____ nerve

Olfactory nerve

the cribriform plate, a part of the ethmoid bone, have tiny foramina that are important for the ____ nerve

crista galli

this, a part of the ethmoid bone, is the connection for the falx cerebri (dura mater that ran between hemispheres)

zygomatic bones

this bone is considered your cheekbones

zygomatic arch

this connects the zygomatic bone to the temporal bone

zygomatic bone to the temporal bone

the zygomatic arch connects the _____ bone to the _____ bone

mandibular fossa

where the mandible articulates with the temporal bone

mastoid process

what part of the temporal bone connects to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Greater wing of sphenoid

this part of the sphenoid is where the temporal lobe of the brain sits

lesser wing of sphenoid

this part of the sphenoid is where the frontal lobe of the brain sits

sella turcica

this part of the sphenoid is where the pituitary gland sits

occipital condyles

where does C1 articulate

foramen magnum

the occipital condyles sit on either side of the ____

olfactory nerve (CN 1)

this cranial nerve sits on top of the cribiform plate, and is a sensory nerve that deals with smell

optic nerve (CN 2)

this cranial nerve is a sensory nerve that deals with vision

oculomotor (eye movement)

motor nerve

CN 3

trochlear nerve (eye movement)

motor nerve

CN 4

abducens nerve (eye movement)

motor nerve

CN 6

oculomotor (CN 3)

trochlear (CN 4)

abducens (CN 6)

what three cranial nerves are all responsible for eye movement/ motor nerves

trigeminal nerve

Face sensation and mastication (chewing)

sensory AND motor nerve

CN 5

Facial nerve (facial expressions and taste)

Motor and sensory nerve

CN 7