Kin 2509 Chapter 7: Pneumonia & Respiratory Diseases

bronch/o, bronchi/o

bronchial tube, bronchus

laryng/o

larynx, throat, voice box

nas/o

nose

ox/i, ox/o, ox/y

Oxygen

pharyng/o

pharynx (throat)

phon/o

sound, voice

pleur/o

pleura, side of the body

-pnea

breathing

pneum/o, pneumon/o

lung, air

puml/o, pulmon/o

lung

sinus/o

sinus

somn/o

to sleep

spir/o

to breathe

thorac/o, -thorax

chest, pleural cavity

trache/o, trachea

windpipe, trachea

alveoli

The very small grapelike clusters found at the end of each bronchiole, also known as air sacs; the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place through the walls

anoxia

The absence of oxygen from the body's tissues and organs even though there is an adequate flow of blood.

antitussive

Medication administered to prevent or relieve coughing.

aphonia

Loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds.

absestosis

The form of pneumoconiosis caused by asbestos particles in the lungs.

asphyxia

The loss of consciousness that occurs when the body cannot get the oxygen it needs to function.

asthma

A chronic, inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes, often triggered by an allergic reaction and characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing.

atelectasis

The incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung due to a blockage of the air passages or pneumothorax.

bradypnea

An abnormally slow rate of respiration, usually of less than 10 breaths per minute.

bronchodilator

A medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs.

bronchorrhea

An excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi.

bronchoscopy

The visual examination of the bronchi through using a bronchoscope.

bronchospasm

A contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles that tighten and squeeze the airway shut.

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

An irregular pattern of breathing characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower respiration or apnea.

croup

An acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and swelling around the vocal cords, resulting in a barking cough and stridor.

cyanosis

A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood.

cystic fibrosis

A life-threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus.

Diphtheria

An acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract.

dysphonia

Difficulty in speaking, which may include any impairment in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakness, or the cracking of a boy's voice during puberty.

Dyspnea

Difficult or labored breathing; also known as shortness of breath.

Emphysema

The progressive, long-term loss of lung function, usually due to smoking.

empyema

An accumulation of pus in a body cavity.

endotrachial intubation

The passage of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway.

epistaxis

Bleeding from the nose that may be caused by dry air, an injury, medication to prevent blood clotting, or high blood pressure; also known as a nosebleed.

hemoptysis

The expectoration of blood or bloodstained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as the result of pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage.

hemothorax

A collection of blood in the pleural cavity.

hypercapnia

The abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood.

hyperpnea

An increase in the depth and rate of the respiratory movements.

hypopnea

Shallow or slow respiration.

hypoxemia

The condition of having low oxygen levels in the blood.

hypoxia

The condition of having deficient oxygen levels in the body's tissues and organs; less severe than anoxia.

laryngectomy

The surgical removal of the larynx.

laryngitis

Inflammation of the larynx; also commonly used to describe voice loss that is caused by this inflammation.

laryngoscopy

The visual examination of the larynx using a laryngoscope.

laryngospasm

The sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx.

medastinum

The middle section of the chest cavity located between the lungs. This cavity contains the heart and its veins and arteries, the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, the thymus gland, and lymph nodes.

nebulizer

An electronic device that pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is then inhaled by the patient via a face mask or mouthpiece.

otolaryngologist

A physician with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the head and neck.

Pertussis (whooping cough)

A contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by recurrent bouts of a paroxysmal cough, followed by breathlessness and a noisy inspiration.

pharyngitis

An inflammation of the pharynx; also known as a sore throat.

phlegm

Thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages.

pleurisy

An inflammation of the pleura, the membranes that cover the lungs and line the pleural cavity; causes pleurodynia.

pleurodynia

A sharp pain that occurs when the inflamed membranes rub against each other with each inhalation.

pneumoconiosis

Any fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs after prolonged environmental or occupational contact.

pneumoectomy

The surgical removal of all or part of a lung.

pneumonia

A serious inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and air passages fill with pus and other liquid.

pneumothorax

The accumulation of air in the pleural space, causing a pressure imbalance that causes the lung to fully or partially collapse.

polysomnography

The diagnostic measurement of physiological activity during sleep; also known as a sleep study.

pulmonologist

A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the respiratory system.

pulse oximeter

An external monitor placed on the patient's fingertip or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood.

pyothorax

A collection of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane.

sinusitis

Inflammation of the sinuses.

sleep apnea

A potentially serious disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep for long enough periods to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels.

spirometer

A recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled and the length of time required for each breath.

tachypnea

An abnormally rapid rate of respiration, usually of more than 20 breaths per minute.

thoracentesis

The surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity.

thoractomy

A surgical incision into the chest walls to open the pleural cavity for biopsy or treatment.

tracheostomy

The surgical creation of a stoma into the trachea in order to insert a temporary or permanent tube to facilitate breathing.

tracheotomy

An emergency procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage.

Tuberculosis

An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually attacks the lungs; also known as TB, it can also affect other parts of the body.

visceral pleura

innermost layer of the pleura

epiglottis

a flap of cartilage that covers the entrance to the laryngopharynx

bronchioles

smallest branches of the bronchi

acute rhinitis

allergy, an allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus

diptheria

acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the diptheria bacterium

rhinorrhea

runny nose

bronchorrhea

an excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi

tracheorrhagia

bleeding from the trachea

bronchiectasis

dilation of the bronchi

pleural effusion

fluid in the pleural space

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

a lung condition usually caused by trauma, pneumonia, smoke or fumes, inhaled vomit, or sepsis

pulmonary edema

fluid in the lungs

types of pneumonia

aspiration pneumonia- when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs

bacterial- most commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae

community acquired pneumonia- any pneumonia that results from contagious infection outside of a hospital or clinic

hospital acquired- nosocomial

walking pneumonia- mycoplasma

pneumocystis pneumonia- an opportunistic infection caused by the yeast-like fungus

viral pneumonia- several different types of viruses

interstitial lung disease

refers to a group of almost 200 disorders that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structures

pulmonary fibrosis

interstitial fibrosis, progressive formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty in breathing

silicosis

caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glass work, and sandblasting

expectoration

coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs

functional endoscopic sinus surgery

a procedure performed using an endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is treated by enlarging the opening between the nose and sinus

wedge resection

a surgery in which a small wedge-shaped piece of cancerous lung tissue is removed, along with a margin of healthy tissue around the cancer

CPAP machine

a noninvasive ventilation device used in the treatment of sleep apnea

BiPAP machine

similar to CPAP; can be set at a higher pressure for inhaling, and lower pressure for exhaling

Hyperventilation

an abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated with anxiety