PBSI 107 Final

What makes something a disorder rather than just "odd":

A psychological disorder is characterized by significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are atypical, distressful, dysfunctional, and sometimes dangerous. - The disturbances must reflect a dysfunction in internal biological, psychological, or developmental mechanisms. - The behavior must not be an expected or culturally approved response to an event.

Biological perspective:

Views psychological disorders as linked to biological phenomena, such as genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities.

Psychosocial perspective:

Emphasizes the importance of learning, stress, faulty and self-defeating thinking patterns, and environmental factors.

Diathesis-stress model:

Integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder. It suggests that people with an underlying predisposition for a disorder (diathesis) are more likely to develop it when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events (stress),.

Harmful dysfunction

A concept proposed by Wakefield where a disorder is defined as a failure of an internal mechanism to perform its natural function, combined with harmful consequences for the individual or others (as judged by cultural standards).

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

The classification system used by most mental health professionals in the United States, published by the American Psychiatric Association. It includes diagnostic criteria, prevalence information, and risk factors.

Comorbidity

The co-occurrence of two disorders in the same individual. For example, 41% of people with OCD also meet criteria for major depressive disorder.

Anxiety Disorder:

Fear, Anxiety, Phobia, Agoraphobia

Fear:

An instantaneous reaction to an imminent threat.

Anxiety:

Apprehension, avoidance, and cautiousness regarding a potential threat, danger, or other negative event.

Phobia:

Excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation.

Agoraphobia:

Intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or receive help if one experiences a panic attack (e.g., public transportation, crowds).

Learned phobias:

Conditioning, Vicarious, Shared information

Conditioning:

Classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., a dog bite) to elicit fear.

Vicarious:

Observing another person react fearfully to a stimulus.

Shared information:

Verbal transmission of information (e.g., parents telling a child snakes are dangerous).

Social anxiety disorder:

Extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which the person could potentially be evaluated negatively by others.

Panic disorder:

Recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, along with persistent concern about additional attacks or self-defeating changes in behavior.

Panic attack:

A period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly and peaks within 10 minutes, involving physical symptoms like accelerated heart rate, sweating, and trembling.

Generalized anxiety disorder:

A relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD):

Obsession, Compulsion, Obsessions vs. Compulsions, Body dysmorphic disorder, Hoarding disorder

Obsession:

Persistent, unintentional, and unwanted thoughts and urges that are highly intrusive, unpleasant, and distressing (e.g., concerns about germs, order/symmetry).

Compulsion:

Repetitive and ritualistic acts carried out to minimize distress or reduce the likelihood of a feared event (e.g., hand washing, checking).

Obsessions vs. compulsions:

Obsessions are the intrusive thoughts; compulsions are the behaviors performed in response to those thoughts,.

Body dysmorphic disorder:

Preoccupation with a perceived flaw in physical appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to others.

Hoarding disorder:

Persistent difficulty in discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value, resulting in clutter.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD):

A disorder in which the experience of a traumatic or profoundly stressful event produces symptoms such as intrusive memories, flashbacks, avoidance of stimuli connected to the event, negative emotional states, and hypervigilance that last for at least one month,.

Mood disorders:

Major depressive disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Mania

Major depressive disorder:

Characterized by depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, and loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities.

Bipolar disorder:

Mood states that vacillate between depression and mania.

Mania:

A state of extreme elation and agitation; during a manic episode, a person may become extremely talkative, behave recklessly, or exhibit flight of ideas,.

Schizophrenia:

Positive symptoms, Hallucination, Delusion, Hallucinations vs delutions,

Positive symptoms:

Symptoms that involve added behaviors, such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.

Hallucination:

A perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation (e.g., hearing voices).

Delusion:

Beliefs that are contrary to reality and are firmly held even in the face of contradictory evidence.

Hallucinations vs delusions:

Hallucinations are false perceptions (sensory experiences), whereas delusions are false beliefs,.

Types of delusions:

Grandiose, Paranoid, Somatic

Grandiose:

Belief that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important.

Paranoid:

Belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person.

Somatic:

Belief that something highly abnormal is happening to one's body.

Negative symptoms:

Characterized by decreases and absences in certain normal behaviors, emotions, or drives (e.g., avolition, social withdrawal).

Catatonia/flattened affect:

Decreased reactivity to the environment or a lack of emotional expression.

Dissociative disorders:

Dissociative amnesia, Dissociative fugue, Depersonalization disorder, Derealization disorder, Dissociative identity disorder

Dissociative amnesia:

Inability to recall important personal information, usually following a stressful or traumatic experience.

Dissociative fugue:

A symptom where a person suddenly wanders away from home, experiences confusion about their identity, and sometimes adopts a new identity.

Depersonalization disorder:

Feelings of unreality or detachment from one's whole self or aspects of the self.

Derealization disorder:

A sense of unreality or detachment from the world (individuals, objects, or surroundings).

Dissociative identity disorder:

Two or more distinct, well-defined personalities or identities exhibit control over behavior, often with memory gaps.

Personality disorder:

Cluster A(Odd/Eccentric), Cluster B(Impulsive/Dramatic/Erratic)

Paranoid:

Pervasive suspicion and mistrust of others.

Schizoid:

Detachment from social relationships and limited emotional expression.

Schizotypal:

Eccentricities in thought, perception, emotion, speech, and behavior.

Antisocial:

Disregard for and violation of the rights of others; impulsivity, deceitfulness, and lack of remorse,.

Histrionic:

Excessively overdramatic, emotional, and theatrical; needs to be the center of attention.

Narcissistic:

Overinflated sense of self-importance, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

Borderline:

Instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood; marked impulsivity and fear of abandonment,.

Neurodevelopmental disorders:

Autism spectrum disorder, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Autism spectrum disorder:

Characterized by deficits in social interaction/communication and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD):

A constant pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive and impulsive behavior that interferes with functioning. Hyperactive, Inattentive, and Combination .

Electroconvulsive therapy:

A biomedical therapy using an electrical current to induce seizures to help alleviate the effects of severe depression.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation:

Uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve depression symptoms.

Psychoanalysis (therapy):

Developed by Freud; believes psychological problems result from repressed impulses and childhood trauma; aims to uncover buried feelings.

Free association:

Patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind at the moment.

Freudian slip:

Minor mistakes in speech that reveal unconscious thoughts, feelings, or desires,.

Transference:

Patient transfers all positive or negative emotions associated with other relationships to the psychoanalyst.

Psychodynamic therapy:

Modern therapy influenced by psychoanalysis that maintains importance on the unconscious and childhood experiences but is patient-led.

Behavior therapy:

Principles of learning are applied to change undesirable behaviors.

Counterconditioning:

A client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior.

Aversive conditioning:

Uses an unpleasant stimulus (like a mild electric shock or bad taste) to stop an undesirable behavior.

Exposure therapy:

Seeks to change the response to a conditioned stimulus by repeatedly exposing the client to the object/situation that causes their problem.

Applied behavior analysis:

Operant conditioning technique designed to reinforce positive behaviors and punish unwanted behaviors (often used with autism).

EMDR therapy:

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing; guides eye movements to mimic REM sleep to help reprocess traumatic memories.

Cognitive therapy:

Focuses on how thoughts lead to feelings of distress; encourages clients to find more logical ways of interpreting situations,.

Overgeneralizing:

A cognitive distortion where one takes a small situation and makes it huge,.

Polarized thinking:

Seeing things in absolutes or "black and white" (e.g., "I am either perfect or a failure").

Cognitive behavioral therapy:

Helps clients examine how their thoughts affect their behavior; works to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors.

Dialectical behavior therapy:

Designed to manage intense emotions (initially for borderline personality disorder); incorporates individual therapy, group therapy, phone coaching, and mindfulness.

Humanistic therapy:

Focuses on helping people achieve their potential by increasing self-awareness and acceptance through focus on conscious thoughts.

Active listening:

Therapist acknowledges, restates, and clarifies what the client expresses.

Client-centered therapy:

Non-directive therapy where the therapist helps the client identify conflicts and understand feelings without giving advice.

Unconditional positive regard:

Therapist does not judge clients and simply accepts them for who they are.

Acceptance and commitment therapy:

Focuses on accepting unwanted thoughts rather than trying to change them, mindfulness, and pursuing things that are important to the client (values)