AP Psychology Unit 8 Part 1 ID Terms

psychopathology

scientific study of psychological disorders/abnormal behavior

mental illness

maladaptive responses to stressors from the internal or external environment, evidenced by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are incongruent with the local and cultural norms and interfere with the individual's social, occupational, or physical functioning

psychiatric disorder

an illness with psychological or behavioral symptoms that may result in impaired functioning

greatly disturbs thinking, moods, and/or behavior and seriously increases your risk of disability, pain, death, or loss of freedom.

abnormal psychology

the scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning

maladaptive behavior

behavior that hinders a person's ability to function in work, school, relationships, or society

personal distress

distressful symptoms for an individual involving shame, guilt, or discomfort

atypical behavior

deviant behavior that is not typical of a certain culture

violation of cultural norms

behavior that so deviates from what is culturally accepted that it is considered unacceptable and intolerable

insanity

a legal term describing one's inability to be responsible for one's action due to the condition of the mind

mental incompetence

a state of mental instability that leaves defendants unable to understand the legal charges and proceedings they are facing and unable to prepare an adequate defense with their attorney

psychosis

a severe mental disorder in which thought and emotions are so impaired that contact is lost with external reality

American Psychiatric Association (APA)

professional organization of physicians who specialize in the practice of psychiatry

psychological disorder

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

dysfunctional disorder

an illness that affects the mind and reduces a person's ability to function, to adjust to change, or to get along with others

mental disorder

an illness that affects a person's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors

trephining

practice in which holes were drilled into the skull in an attempt to release evil spirits

demonology

science or doctrine concerning demons

Four Humors

a study of human temperament based on the idea of bodily fluids: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition

manual that attempts to describe psychological disorders without explaining causes; predicts the future course; suggests treatments but does explain causes or cures

lobotomy

a surgical procedure that disconnects the prefrontal area from the rest of the brain

electroconvulsive shock therapy

a psychiatric treatment where a generalized seizure is electrically induced to manage refractory mental disorders; mainly used for extreme depression

etiology

the study of the causes of diseases

eclectic

selecting from or made up from a variety of sources

medical model

assumes that mental disorders have biological causes, and therefore can be treated with medicine; came to dominate understandings of mental illnesses

psychological model

the perspective that mental disorders are caused and maintained by one's life experiences

psychodynamic model

a model that views disorders as the result of childhood trauma or anxieties and holds that many of these childhood-based anxieties operate unconsciously

behavioral model

explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology

illness anxiety disorder (IAD)

classified with somatic symptom disorders; patients may or may not have a medical condition but have heightened bodily sensations, are intensely anxious about the possibility of an undiagnosed illness, or devote excessive time and energy to health concerns, often obsessively researching them for at least six months; previously called hypochondria

cognitive model

the view that emphasizes thinking as the key element in causing psychological disorders

fight-or-flight response

an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action; sympathetic nervous system

humanistic model

a model of abnormal behavior that emphasizes personal growth, free will, and responsibility

conditions of worth

the conditions a person must meet in order to regard himself or herself positively or be regarded positively by others

diathesis-stress model

genetic/biological vulnerability to a disorder/disease and the stressors that may trigger it; the greater the diathesis or predisposition, the less the stress required for the disorder to "appear" and vice versa

diathesis

a vulnerability or predisposition to developing a disorder

stressors

specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person's well-being

protective factors

conditions that shield individuals from the negative consequences of exposure to risk; decrease likelihood of a disorder developing

sociocultural model

the idea that abnormal behavior must be understood within the context of social and cultural forces

cultural syndromes

sets of particular symptoms of distress found in particular cultures, which may or may not be recognized as an illness within the culture

cultural idioms of distress

terms or phrases used to describe suffering or distress within a given cultural context

Taijin Kyofusho

a form of social anxiety common in Japan involving fear of offending or embarrassing others with one's odor, eye contact, or appearance

Susto

primarily among Latin American cultures, a condition of chronic somatic suffering stemming from emotional trauma or from witnessing traumatic experiences lived by others

Amok

condition described among Southeast Asians cultures as behaving in a frenzied or uncontrolled state

Hwabyeong

a Korean somatization disorder, a mental illness that arises when people are unable to confront their anger as a result of conditions that they perceive to be unfair

cultural relativism

the practice of judging a culture by its own standards

George L. Engel

created the biopsychosocial model to treat patients that looked for explanations of illnesses; treatments by examining biology, personality, and social influences

biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach to psychological disorders that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

any mental illness (AMI)

mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder; can vary in impact, ranging from no impairment to mild, moderate, and even severe impairment

serious mental illness (SMI)

a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder resulting in serious functional impairment, which substantially interferes with or limits one or more major life activities

lifetime prevalence

the percentage of people in a certain population who will have a given disorder at any point in their lives

David Rosenhan

a social psychologist that did a study in which healthy patients were admitted to psychiatric hospitals and diagnoses with schizophrenia; showed that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, the label, even when behavior indicates otherwise, is hard to overcome in a mental health setting

pseudopatient

a researcher who poses as a patient; many are falsely diagnosed with mental disorders

schizophrenic

a mentally ill individual who suffers from disjointed thinking and possibly from delusions and hallucinations.

Down Syndrome

a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

ADD/ADHD

attention deficit disorder; attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder