HIST 101 Final Identification

Counter Reformation

Beginning in 1545, the counter reformation was created as an antithesis to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified church doctrines, making it the sole interpreter of Scripture, and spawning new religious orders. This counter reformation would serve to exacerbate the growing religious divides growing in the Western World during this time period.

feudalism

Emerging in the 5th century AD, feudalism was the social system for use of land based on a hierarchy between nobility and peasants. Nobles held land for the king, vassals were tenants of said nobles, and serfs/peasants worked the land in for protection. This system would lead to relatively stable societies in Western Society, even as centralized power began to wane.

Domesday Book

Created in 1086 by William the Conqueror in order to see what he has, it was a complete list of all the new king's property: land holdings, animals, structures, people. It served as the first ever census, and would serve as a precedent for more formal bookkeeping and better records within Western Civilization

95 Theses

Written by Martin Luther in 1517 and nailed to his church door, the 97 theses were a list of condemnations against the Catholic Church borne of frustrations regarding indulgences and the authority of the church. These theses would go on to inspire the Protestant Reformation and the subsequent religious conflicts that arose.

Commune

Emerging around the 11th century, communes were a new form of self-governance revolving around a city, such as Florence of Venice. This self-governance echoed that of the Greek city-states and served as a way for citizens to find protection without a centralized authority.

Secularization

Emerging in the 16th century, secularization was the act of finding non-religious explanations for phenomena. Notable individuals in this movement included Galileo Galilei and Francis Bacon. Secularization would lead to the emergence of the scientific method and the sciences as an academic practice.

Three Estates

'Three Estates' refers to the social hierarchy founded in the Middle Ages consisting of Clergy, Nobility, and Commoners (or, those who pray, those who fight, and those who work). These estates each had varying amounts of political power in Western Civilization.

Black Death

The Black death was a pandemic that began in 1347, killing 30-60% of the European Population. Recurrent outbreaks were relatively common, emerging every 10-12 years. The Black Death would lead to many social changes due to its devastation, leading to the emergence of the Renaissance.

Absolutism

Absolutism refers to the centralization of power for a monarch within his kingdom, in essence becoming the state with absolute power. The most absolute power ever wielded was from 1643-1715 by King Louis XIV. This absolute power was in stark contrast to the rapidly emerging constitutionalism, which aimed to give more power to nobles and the people.

Serf

A serf is a peasant in the Middle Ages who works the land of a noble in exchange for protection from that noble. Serfdom was a product of Feudalism, the reigning social structure in the Middle Ages. Serfdom accounted for the majority of agricultural labor and production in Western Civilization during Medieval times.

1215

In 1215 the Magna Carta was signed by King John I. This document defined the rights and privileges of the English barons and commons and placed limits on the King's Power. This document proved that the King was not above the law, establishing the power of the law.

1453

1453 was the year the Hundred Years' War between England and France ended with a French Victory. This war would lead to the end of English presence in France and the rise of mercenary armies. Additionally, the financial burden of the war, mostly through taxes, would lead to popular revolts against fighting and taxation.

1492

1492 was the year the New World was discovered by Christopher Columbus during his journey to find an alternative sea route to India from Spain. This discovery would soon open the floodgates of colonization, slavery, and the Atlantic System, fundamentally altering Western Civilization forever.

1517

1517 was the year Martin Luther published his 95 theses, a list of condemnations against the Catholic Church due to his frustrations regarding its authority and indulgences.These theses would go on to inspire the Protestant Reformation and the subsequent religious conflicts that arose as a result of the reformation.

1714

1714 was the year of the Peace of Utrecht, spelling an end to the War of Spanish Succession. This peace would end Spanish Power in Europe. With Philip V renouncing his claims to the throne of France and Gibraltar being ceded to Britain. It would also lead to an Independent Bourbon Kingdom being established in Naples and S. Italy.

Donation of Pippin

The donation of Pippin in 756 AD was the donation of land in Italy to the papacy. This donation established the temporal power of the papacy in central Italy, leading to the development of the papal states.

Investiture Conflict

A conflict in 1075 between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV HRE regarding the Authority of St. Peter and the divine right of kings/emperors. This conflict would end with the separation of investiture into temporal and spiritual aspects.

Glorious Revolution

Occurring in 1688, the Glorious Revolution was the deposition of James II and VII. He was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, William of Orange. This revolution establish Parliament as the ruling power of England, one of the first steps towards shifting from absolutism to a constitutional monarchy.

Crusades

The Crusades were a series of 'Holy Wars' dedicated to retaking the Holy Land of Jerusalem from the Muslims, spanning from the 11th to the 13th Century. These crusades would soon evolve into religious conflicts outside of Jerusalem, and were overall a failure, though notable successes in Spain would lead to it being almost entirely Catholic even to this day.

Thirty Years’ War

The Thirty Years War, spanning from 1618-1648, was a conflict between many European States and the Holy Roman Empire primarily caused by religious conflict regarding the spread of Christianity and freedom of religion. This war led to the weakening of the HRE, the end of conflicts over religion, and the evolution of diplomacy.

Avignon -

Avignon is a city in France which, during the 14th century, housed the papacy due to issues of taxation of the church in Rome. It housed 7 consecutive popes and sparked a conflict regarding the true home of the papal government.

Zara

Zara was a rival maritime power to Venice. During the Fourth Crusade in the 13th century, Venice agreed to transport crusaders for free in exchange for destroying Zara. After its destruction, a deep mistrust for Western Europeans began to emerge, which exists to this day.

Jerusalem

Otherwise known as the Holy Land, Jerusalem is a city in the Middle East which holds tremendous religious significance to the Abrahamic Religions. Beginning in the 11th century, the Crusades would begin, and Jerusalem became the center of a religious conflict between the Catholics and Muslims over ownership of the Holy Land. These conflicts would slow the spread of Islam throughout Europe, but Jerusalem ould predominantly remain under Muslim rule.

Malta

Malta was the center of the struggle for naval supremacy in the Mediterranean between Europe and the Ottomans in the 16th century. During the Great Siege of Malta in 1565, the Ottomans failure to capture Malta served as a major defeat, with a subsequent failed conquest on Lepanto proving to be the killing blow, ending the Ottoman naval threat.

United Provinces

The United Provinces, located in the Netherlands, emerged in 1648 primarily due to the Dutch Revolt against Spanish control. After its emergence, the United Provinces would remain independent and have tremendous financial and political power in the Western World.

Vienna

Much like the Siege of Malta, the battle of Vienna In 1683 was a conflict between Europe and the Ottomans over Ottoman expansion into Europe. The Ottomans defeat in this battle would mark the end of this expansion.

Cape of Good Hope

The Cape of Good Hope is the furthest southern point of Africa, discovered by Bartholomeu Dias in 1488. Its discovery would continue to fuel the Age of Exploration and European efforts to find alternative routes to India and China. One can attribute this step forward in exploration to the eventual discovery of the New World

Mainz

A town in Germany, Mainz was the site of beginning of the printing revolution around 1450. Johannes Gutenberg would revolutionize printing, which would in term usher in a new age of widespread information and literacy across the western world

Augsburg

The site of the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, in which Lutheranism was recognized in the HRE. The peace of Augsurg would mark a huge step towards religious tolerance in the Holy Roman Empire.

Versailles

The home of Louis XIV with over 700 rooms, Versailles served as the center of French royal power in the 17th and 18th centuries, in which Louis XIV enjoyed an immense amount of absolutism. As the center of absolute royal power, it played a key role in influencing French politics, including but not limited to the French Revolution

John I England

John I of England was the monarch of England in the 13th century. His loss in the First Baron's war would lead to the signing of the Magna Carta, which established the supremacy of the Law even over monarchial power and set the foundation for a parliamentary government

Charles V HRE

The Monarch of the HRE in the 16th century, Charles V failed to quell the religious reformations in the HRE, leading to the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, which would lead to greater religious tolerance in the HRE.

John Calvin

a key figure in the Protestant reformation during the 16th century, John Calvin believed in predestination. His beliefs would cause many religious conflicts across Europe, and his ideals would be adopted by the American colonies (God helps those who help themselves)

N. Copernicus

N. Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who was the first to posit the idea of Heliocentrism, or the idea that the Earth revolves around the sun. He was an influential figure in the rise of scientific thought, which went directly against the popular teachings of the church.

Louis XIV France

Louis XIV was the monarch of France in the 17th and 18th centuries. He would expand the power of the French monarchy, becoming the ruler with the most absolute power in France's History. His reign established an absolute monarchy that lasted until the French Revolution

Suleiman the Magnificent

He was the ruler of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century, expanding the Empire towards Europe. His expansion would lead to a conflict with the Christian states on land and seas. The Empire's defeats on both of these fronts would stop the westward expansion of the Ottomans.

F. Magellan

Magellan was an explorer who found a western route to India and completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth in the 16th century, although he died before the voyage was complete. His exploration would prove that a Western Sea route across the world was viable, proving the Earth was indeed a globe.

Mongols

The Mongol Empire, most notably during the 13th century, underwent a period of extreme conquest across Europe. These promoted cross cultural interaction and linked Europe and Asia most notably through the Silk Road, starting a new era of trade between East and West.

Charles I England

The King of England, Scotland, and Ireland in the 17th Century, Charles I ended financial support for the Protestants in the Thirty Years War and stoked a fear and loathing of a return to Catholicism, which sparked many political conflicts across England regarding religion.

Boniface VIII

The Pope in the 14th century, Boniface VIII was the last Pope to settle in Rome before the Curia's move to Avignon. Him being slapped in the Outrage of Anagni would mark one of the first times the monarchies of the West rejected papal authority, sparking conflicts between secular and temporal authorities.