aphg ch2

age-sex distribution

model used in population geography describing ages & numbers of males and females within given population. also called population pyramid

agricultural density

number of farmers per unit area of farmland

arithmetic density

number of people living in a given unit area

baby boom

people born in the us between 1946-1964 just after wwii. born in a time of relative peace & prosperity, allowing for better education & job opportunities which encouraged high rates of marriage & fertility

baby bust

period during 1960s-70s when fertility rates in us dropped. women from baby boom gen looked for higher education, marrying later in life. considerable drop in comparison to baby boom

carrying capacity

largest # of people an environment can sustainably support

chain migration

migration event where individuals follow migration path of preceding friends/family to an existing community

child mortality rate

# of deaths per thousand children within first 5 years of life

cohort

population group unified by specific common characteristic (eg. age), treated as statistical unit

cotton belt

american south, where cotton used to dominate the agricultural economy. now new south or sun belt. people migrate from older cities in industrial north for better climate & new job opportunities

crude birth rate

# of live births per year per thousand people

crude death rate

# of deaths per year per thousand people

demographic accounting equation

equation summarizing amt of growth/decline in a country’s population during particular time period. accounts for natural increase & net migration

demographic transition model

sequence of demographic changes when a country moves from high birth & death rates → low birth & death rates

demography

study of human populations, including temporal and spatial dynamics

dependency ratio

ratio of # of ppl too old/young to provide for selves to # of people who have to support them through own labour

doubling time

time period required for a population w/ exponential growth to double in size

emigration

moving out of a country, usually country of origin

epidemiological transition

sudden population growth bc of improved food security & health care followed by plateau in growth bc of decline in fertility rates

exponential growth

fixed percentage of new people added to population every year

forced migration

migration event where individuals are forced to leave a country against their will

generation x

term coined by douglas coupland, describing ppl born in the us between 1965-1980. post-baby boom generation

infant mortality rate

% of children who die before their 1st birthday within particular area/country

internal migration

permanent/semi-permanent movement of individuals within country

intervening obstacles

any forces/factors that can limit human migration

thomas malthus

population grows at exponential rate, food production grows arithmetically, population growth outpace food production eventually

maternal mortality rate

# of deaths per thousand of women giving birth

natural increase rate

difference between # of births and # of deaths within country

neo-malthusian

advocancy of population-control programs to ensure enough resources for current & future populations

physiologic density

rate of human population to area of cropland, used in less-developed countries dominated by subsistence agriculture

population density

of people per unit of land area

population geography

division of human geography concerned w/ spatial variations in distribution, composition, growth, & movement of population

population pyramid

shows age/sex distribution of population

rust belt

northern industrial states (ohio, michigan, pennsylvania), lost heavy industry in 60s-80s

sun belt

southeastern & southwestern states, grown dramatically since wwii

total fertility rate

average # of children born to a woman during childbearing years (2.1)

zero population growth

proposal to end population growth through official &nongovernmental family-planning programs