APUSH Midterm

Period 1

1491-1607

The spread of _____ from present-day Mexico to the present-day Southwest led to economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies

corn (maize)

Societies in the ______ and present-day California supported themselves by hunting and _______. Some areas developed ______ communities supported by the resources from the _____.

Northwest, gathering, settled, ocean

Columbus was originally looking for a trade route to _______

Asia

The _____ were a highly advanced civilization with the most accurate calendar, a number system with zero, ideograms, phonograms, water management technology, and social classes

Mayans

The _______ had a writing system, social classes, large scale human sacrifice, built Tenochtitlan in Lake Texcoco, and were warlike empire builders

Aztecs

The ______ were empire builders in Andes, civil engineers on a massive scale (roads, bridges, terrace farming), had no written language, and had social classes

Incas

In Pre-Columbian North America, there were many different tribes. Thus, it was less _______ than Central and South American counterparts. There were similarities in culture based on ______.

centralized, region

Northwest Coast tribes included the C_____ and T______

Chinook, Tillamook

Plateau tribes included the Y_____ and N____ P____

Yakima, Nez Perce

Great Basin tribes included the S_______, P_______, and U____

Shoshone, Paiute, Ute

Southwest tribes included the H____, Z_____, A_____, P_____

Hopi, Zuni, Apache, Pueblo

Great Plains tribes included the C____, S______, and P_____

Crow, Sioux, Pawnee

Northeast tribes included the M_____, O_____, and I______

Miami, Ottawa, Iroquois

South East tribes included the Ch_____, Cr______, and Y_____

Cherokee, Creek, Yamasee

1. coastal villages

2. fishermen

3. ocean and river

4. complex culture due to ready availability of food

Northwest Coast

1. lived beside rivers

2. fishermen and farmers

3. low population

Plateau

1. desert and mountain dwellers

2. gatherers

3. low population

Great Basin

1. primarily gatherers and fishermen

2. desert, river, mountain, coastal

California

1. farmers or nomadic hunters

2. canyon, mountain, and desert dwellers

3. pueblo/adobe housing

Southwest

1. grassland dwellers

2. nomadic buffalo hunters after introduction of the horse

Great Plains

1. coastal, river, and forest dwellers

2. fishermen, hunter, and farmers

Northeast

1. river valley dwellers

2. farmers and fishermen, hunter-gatherer

Southeast

The _______ _______ is the intentional and unintentional transfer of biology, ideology, and technology among Europe, Africa, and the Americas as a result of contact that flourished in the years after the historic voyage of Christopher Columbus

columbian exchange

New World to Old World

beans, cacao, maize, peanuts, pineapples, potatoes, pumpkins, squash, sweet potatoes, tobacco, tomatoes, turkeys

Old World to New World

bananas, horses, cattle, chickens, citrus fruits, coffee beans, grapes, rice, sugarcane, wheat

_____ _____ _____ was an agricultural system consisting of corn, beans, and squash. The beans grow on the trellis of the cornstalks, and the squash covers the soil mounds to retain moisture in the soil.

Three sister farming

The _____ __ ______ was an agreement of Spain and Portugal that divided the territories of the New World. Spain got a majority of territory in the _______. Portugal was compensated with titles to lands in Asia and ______.

Treaty of Tordesillas, Americas, Africa

The three Pre-Columbian civilizations that were not in North America are the ________ in Peru, the ________ in Central America, and the _______ in South America.

Incas, Mayans, Aztecs

Columbus's achievement in finding the "New World" is also his most _______ __________

successful failure

The ______ and maize revolutionized the Old World's economy and European diets

potato

The Old World brought diseases such as s_______, y_______ ______, and m_______ to the New World

smallpox, yellow fever, malaria

After Europeans came to the New World and brought _________, the _______ _______ population was devastated and faced enslavement and armed aggression

disease(s), Native American

S_____, P______, F______, and E______ benefitted the most from the New World

Spain, Portugal, France, England

The C______ _____ (or "West Indies") was the invasion point for ______ to America

Caribbean Sea, Spain

The day when the A_____ attacked Cortes and tried to drive him out is known as _______ ________

Aztecs, noche triste

The Incas were conquered by _________ _________

Francisco Pizarro

Cortes conquers A______ (M_______) for Spain from 1519-1521

Aztecs, Mexico

The _______ ___ ______ in 1598 provided protection for French Protestants who were persecuted in France up until this point

Edit of Nantes

French explorers spread south into the New World in attempt to limit _____ expansion

Spanish

The first permanent European settlement in North America was St. _________ which was founded by the Spanish

Augustine

Period 2

1607-1754

Period 3

1754-1800

Period 4

1800-1848

Period 5

1844-1877

The Great Plains and Great Basin were predominantly ________ because of a lack of natural resources

hunting

People would pool their money together in _______-_______ companies, which allowed them to raise lots of money to pay for exploration

joint-stock

Reasons for exploration

Gold, Glory, God

The Columbian Exchange led to population _______ and the shift from ________ to _________ in Europe

growth, feudalism, capitalism

Under the _______ _______, conquistadors and other leaders received grants of land from the Spanish crown, forcibly enslaved Native Americans living there, and were supposed to "protect" and Christianize the Native Americans

encomienda system

__________ was an economic theory used by most European countries from c. 1500-1750. It defined wealth (gold and silver) as power and that accumulating the most gold granted the most power. To get gold, a country had to _____ more than it ______

Mercantilism, export, imported

_______ was a justification for the European countries to acquire colonies

mercantilism

The ______ _____ were passed by England in 17th and 18th centuries and forbade colonial trade with other countries. All colonial goods had to pass through England first in order to ensure England reaped the most benefits from colonial trade

Navigation Acts

In response to the Navigation Acts, the colonists resorted to __________, and _______ ______ by Britain helped them

smuggling, salutary neglect

_______ _______ lasted until 1763 when British were compelled to enforce laws to raise money and pay off their debts from the French and Indian War

salutary neglect

________ ______ emerged as a result of mercantilism. In this international system, the Americas would send raw materials to Europe, Europe supplied Africa and America with finished goods, and Africa captured and transported slaves to the Americas

Triangular trade

The Spanish fended against the French to protect its imperial possessions in the New World with ___ _______

St Augustine

During the _______ ____ _______, Don Juan de Oñate cruelly abused the Pueblo people. The survivors either had a foot severed or were sold into 20 years of slavery.

Battle of Acoma

In response to the Spanish attempts to suppress native religious customs, the ______ revolted in the _____ ______. They destroyed every Catholic church in the province and rebuilt kiva on the remains of Santa Fe.

Pueblo, Pueblo Revolt

The ______ ______ was a false concept popularized by Spain's Protestant rivals. It held that the conquerors merely tortured and butchered Native Americans, stole their gold, infected them with smallpox, and left them with little but misery.

black legend

______ _____ formed the Anglican Church and broke with Rome because:

1 he desired _______ owned by the Catholic church that could augment his annual income

2 he was consolidating power and wanted to diminish the influence of _____ over the bishops and priests of his country

3 he wished to divorce ___________ ___ _____________

Henry VIII, land, Rome, Catherine of Aragon

The effects of the break with Rome are:

1 Anne Boleyn gives birth to ___________

2 _____ years of war because of divorce and shunning of Catholic church

3 English captains ("_____ _____") raided Spanish treasure fleets returning from the Caribbean. ______ would eventually challenge Spain for predominance in the New World.

4 Protest movement in England accelerated (unintentional major reform movements throughout the country)

5 Effects of land ownership sales lead to economic instability

Elizabeth, 100, sea dogs, England

____________ ___ reigned as England's greatest _________ from 1558 to 1602 and built an English empire in America

Elizabeth I, monarch

The defeat of the ________ _______ was the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire. The _____ became the greatest naval power in the world.

Spanish Armada, British

Economic instability in England led to the increase in English _____ willing to take chances on a new start in America and the increase in ________ classes capable of financing the early joint-stock efforts. In essence, the rich got richer, while the poor got poorer.

poor, merchant

The joint-stock company ______ _______ of London was chartered by King James I for settlement in the New World.

Virginia Company

The charter of the Virginia Company guaranteed to ________ settlers the same _________ of Englishmen that they would have enjoyed if they stayed at home

overseas, rights

At the beginning of Jamestown's establishment, everything was a disaster, but Captain _______ _____ saved the colony from collapsing.

John Smith

The 3 D's

disease, disorganization, disposability

The first _______-________ ______ was declared by Lord De La Warr who imposed harsh tactics on the Powhatans. This war resulted in Pocahontas marrying John ______

Anglo-Powhatan, Rolfe

The _______-_______ Wars were three wars that were won by the English and resulted in the loss of territory and greater restrictions for the Native Americans

Anglo-Powhatan

The _________ movement (system) led to the privatization of communally owned lands in England. This resulted in urbanization and increased poverty because many farmers lost their jobs and had to move to cities to find new jobs in factories

enclosure

__________ was the passing down of all land and property to first-born son

Primogeniture

The ___________ limited the inheritance of property to specific heirs (i.e. the first-born son in England). A tax must be paid to government if the property is given to someone who is not a relative after the owner is dead

entail

The early expedition of the ______ Company was in search of the Northwest passage and found "gold" (fools gold)

Cathay

The early expedition of _______ _______ _______'s Colonial Adventure was to create a colony in the New World, but everything went wrong

Sir Humphrey Gilbert

The first attempt at establishing ______ (colony) was a failure because half of the people died from disease. The second attempt at establishing this colony was also a failure because John White was sent back to England to get supplies but returned to an empty island. This colony became known as the "Lost Colony."

Roanoke

After multiple failed attempts, Jamestown became a "success" mainly because John Rolfe discovered _______

tobacco

Tobacco required a great deal of labor, so the Virginia colony depended on ______ for a long time.

slave labor

The first democratically elected legislative body and beginning of representative government in North America was the ________ ____ ________ (1619).

House of Burgesses

In 1624, King James I revoked the Virginia Company's ________ and made Virginia a royal colony, giving him direct control over Virginia

charter

The Pilgrims were a group of _______ who sought ________ freedom and arrived in New England in 1620.

Separatists, religious

The _______ _______ was signed by the Pilgrims. This was the first document to establish self-government in the New World. The Pilgrims still pledged their loyalty to the king but laws were made by and for the people.

Mayflower Compact

______ was established by Lord Baltimore, and its purpose was for profits and refuge for fellow Catholics.

Maryland

In response to the fighting/tensions between the Protestants and Catholic in Maryland, the _____ ___ ______ (1649) was passed and provided toleration to all Christians

Act of Toleration

The first formal statute governing the treatment of slaves was the ________ _______ _______ of 1661. It denied the rights for slaves and gave masters control (i.e. the right for violent punishment). Similar statutes were adopted by Southern plantation societies on the North American mainland in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Barbados Slave Code

When English settlers brought slaves to _______ ________ in 1670, they also brought the Barbados Slave Code. This would set the stage for the slave system in North America.

North Carolina

After the English Civil War, colonization resumed. Charles II issued a charter to a group of English noblemen (Lords Proprietors), which granted them the territory of the ________.

Carolina

Carolina prospered having close ties with sugar plantations in the ________. Many of Carolina's original settlers emigrated from Barbados.

Caribbeans

In 1712, Carolina split into North and South Carolina. Settlers in ________ Carolina were mostly small farmers, while settlers in _______ Carolina were mostly from plantations in Barbados.

North, South

_______ was founded by James Oglethorpe and was meant to be a ______ colony to fend against the Spanish and French

Georgia, buffer

Georgia was initially founded as a haven for _______

debtors

Plantation colonies included the C________, G________, M________, and V________

Carolinas, Georgia, Maryland, Virginia

Reasons for slaves in the plantation colonies:

1. Life expectancy increases

2. Children are slaves if ______ are slaves

3. Conditions increase in England, and indentured servants are more _______

4. Indentured servants become __________ for other plantation owners because free indentured servants became tobacco farmers

5. Class issues

6. Headright system (free land for bringing indentured servants to New World (i.e. Virginia))

7. Color factor

parents, expensive, competition

_______ were English Protestants who were committed to "purifying" the Church of England by eliminating all aspects of Catholicism from religious practices

Puritans

_______ ________ was an armed rebellion of former indentured servants who were upset that the Governor of Virginia would not send any army to attack Native Americans living on the frontier

Bacon's Rebellion

An __________ _________ is a person who would work for another person for a set amount of time without pay in exchange for a passage to a new country

indentured servant

In the 1630s, a larger group of English Puritans (not the Pilgrims) arrived in the New World and established the _________ Bay Colony, the New Haven Colony, and _______ Island. These migrants were mainly ______, not young men

Massachusetts, Rhode, families

As Calvinists, the Puritans believed in _________ (a few elect would be saved and the others damned)

predestination

Many Europeans, including Puritans, believed in the supernatural and that every event was a sign of God's mercy or judgement. They also believed that witches allied themselves with the Devil to carry out evil deeds. Consequently, hundreds were accused of witchcraft in Puritan New England, especially in the ______ Witch Trials.

Salem