Greek Architecture

**GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE**

The rugged nature of the Greek Peninsula & its widespread islands, made

communication difficult. It was bounded on two sides by "Black Sea and

the Mediterranean Sea"

Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea

The rugged nature of the Greek Peninsula & its widespread islands, made

communication difficult. It was bounded on two sides by "____________"

Citadels

GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE: "Athens as its center kingdom contains the upper city known as "________"

Marble

GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE:

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the chief building material

Stone

GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE:

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had an ample supplies of this material.

AEGANS

**RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE**

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worships "nature" and priestesses rather than priest conducted

GREEKS

**RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE**

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Represents their deities by large statues. Worships "natural

phenomena

APHRODITE

goddess of commerce, love and beauty

APOLLO

god of law and reason, art and music and poetry

ARES

god of war

ARTEMIS

goddess of chastity

DEMETER

goddess of earth and agriculture

HERA

wife of Zeus, goddess of marriage

ATHENA

goddess of learning and wisdom

ZEUS

supreme god, ruler of the sky, chief god.

HERMES

messenger of the gods

POSEIDON

god of the sea

***EARLY PERIOD***

***3000BC -700 BC***

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People on in Greece were Aegans, Minoans, & Myceneans

***HELLENIC PERIOD***

Essentially columnar & trabeated in Acropolis which was Crowned by

a. Simplicity and Harmony

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b. Purity of Lines

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c. Perfections of Proportions

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d. Refinement of Details

**CHARACTERISTIC OF GREEK ARCH**

**Cyclopean, Polygonal, Rectangular, Inclined Blocks**

***FOUR METHODS OF WALLING SURFACE FINISHES***

CYCLOPEAN

a masonry made up of huge stone blocks laid mortar

POLYGONAL

a masonry which is constructed with stones having polygonal faces.

RECTANGULAR

block of stone cut into rectangular shapes

INCLINED BLOCKS

stones with inclined blocks.

***TWO WAYS OF DESCRIBING TEMPLES***

***(a)*** According to the number of columns on the entrance front

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***(b)*** by the arrangement of the exterior columns of the temple in relation to naos

HENOSTYLE

one column

DISTYLE

two columns

TRISTYLE

three columns

TETRASTYLE

four columns

PENTASTYLE

five columns

HEXASTYLE

six columns

HEPTASYLE

seven columns

OCTASTYLE

eight columns

ENNEASTYLE

nine columns

DECASTYLE

ten columns

DODECASTYLE

twelve columns

**Naos, Pranaos, Epinaos**

***PARTS OF A GREEK TEMPLE***

NAOS

principal chamber containing the statue of the god or goddess with porticoes

PRONAOS

the inner portico in front of naos or cella of the naos.

EPINAOS

posticum which serves as the treasury chambers

**INTERCOLUMNIATION**

the space between two adjacent columns, usually the clear space between the lower parts of the shafts, measured in diameters. Also, a system for spacing columns in a colonnade based on the measurement

ACCOUPLEMENT

**T**he placement of two columns or pilasters very close to each other is called "___________"

PYCNOSTYLE

Having an intercolumniation of 1 ½ diameters.

SYSTYLE

Having an intercolumniation of 2 diameters

EUSTYLE

Having an intercolumniation of 2 ¼ diameters.

DIASTYLE

Having an intercolumniation of 3 diameters.

ARAEOSTYLE

Having an intercolumniation of 4 diameters.

LAYOUT OF GREEK TEMPLES

anta, double anta, amphiprostyle, prostyle, dipteral, pseudodipteral, peripteral, pseudoperipteral

ANTA

temples have one to four columns between antae at the front. Two is the usual number.

DOUBLE ANTA

temples have one to four columns between antae at the front and the rear. Two is the usual number

AMPHIPROSTYLE

temples that have portico of columns at front and rear.

PROSTYLE

temples that have portico of columns at front only.

DIPTERAL

temples that have a double line of columns surrounding on all sides.

PSEUDODIPTERAL

temples that having a double line of columns but the inner range of columns is attached to the naos.

PERIPTERAL

temples that have a single line of columns surrounding on all sides

PSEUDOPERIPTERAL

temples that have flanked of columns attached to the naos.

GREEK ORDERS

Doric, Ionic, Corinthian

DORIC ORDER

The simplest and the earliest among the five orders.

PEDIMENT PARTS

Antefixae, Tympanum, Acroterion

ANTEFIXAE

an upright ornament at the eaves of a roof concealing the foot of a row of convex tiles that cover the joints of the flat tiles.

TYMPANUM

the triangular space enclosed by the horizontal and raking cornices of a pediment, often

recessed and decorated with sculpture.

ACROTERION

a pedestal for a sculpture ornament at the apex or at each of the lower corners of a pediment.

ENTABLATURE PARTS

Cornice, Frieze, Architrave

CORNICE

the uppermost member of an entablature, consisting typically of a cymatium, corona, and bed molding.

FRIEZE

the horizontal part of an entablature between the cornice and architrave, often decorated with sculpture inflow relief.

ARCHITRAVE

the lowermost division of an entablature, resting directly on the column capitals and supporting the frieze.

COLUMN PARTS

Captial, Shaft, Stylobate, Stereobate

CAPITAL

the distinctively treated upper end of a column, pillar, or pier, crowning the shaft and taking the weight of the entablature or architrave.

SHAFT

the central part of a column or pier between the capital and the base.

STYLOBATE

a course of masonry forming the foundation for a row of columns especially the outermost colonnade of a classical temple.

STEREOBATE

a solid mass of masonry visible above ground level and serving as the foundation of a building especially the platform forming the floor and substructure of a classical temple also called as crepidoma.

IONIC ORDER

More sophisticated order. Less heavy than the Doric, less elaborated than the Corinthian order.

EGG AND DART

an ornamental motif for enriching an ovolo or echinus, consisting of a closely set, alternating series of oval and pointed forms. Also called "egg and tongue"

DENTIL

any of a series of closely spaced, small rectangular blocks forming a molding or projecting beneath the coronas of Ionic cornices.

FASCIA

one of the three horizontal banda making up the architrave in the Ionic order.

VOLUTE

a spiral, scroll like ornament, as on the capitals of the Ionic order.

CATHETUS

the vertical guideline through the eye of a volute in an Ionic capital, from which the spiral forms is determined.

FLEURON, BALTEUS

In Ionic Capital, if there is a central flower, it is called "_______" and "______" if none.

CORINTHIAN ORDER

Most elaborated & most elegant of all the orders. Looks like an "Inverted Bell."

MODILLION

an ornament bracket, usually in the form of a scroll with acanthus, used in series beneath the corona of a Corinthian.

HELIX

a spiral ornament, as any of the volutes issuing from a cauliculus in a Corinthian capital

CAULICULUS

any of the ornamental stalks rising between the acanthus leaves of a Corinthian capital, from which volutes spring.

BELL

the underlying part of a foliated capital, between the abacus and neck molding

ACANTHUS

an ornament, patterened after the large toothed leaves of a Mediterranean plant of the same name.

CARYATIDS

a sculptured female figure used as a column.

CANEPHORAE

a sculptured female supporting baskets on their heads.

ATLAS

a sculptured male kneeling or crouching figure used as a column.

TELAMONES

a sculptured male column in a standing position.

GREEK BASIC BUILDINGS

Propylaea, theater, Public Buildings

PROPYLAEA

entrance gateways which marked the approach to the sacred enclosure in many cities in Greeks.

THEATER

an open air structure, which consisted of orchestra, auditorium or cavea out of the slope of hillside, in or near city.

Entasis

In Architecture, ________is the application of a convex curve to a surface for aesthetic and technical purposes. Their diameter is decreased from the bottom upwards and one-third from the bottom is the thickest point.

AGORA OR TOWN SQUARE

an open air, meeting place for the transaction of business & also market place.

STOA

long colonnaded building which serves to connect public monuments & for shelter.

PRYTANEION

a senate house to the chief dignitaries of the city.

BOULEUTERION

also called council house, covered meeting place of the democratically elected councils.

ASSEMBLY HALLS

used by citizens in general assembly.

ODEION

a theater building used mainly by musicians in the presentation of their works for competition & for public approval.

STADIUM / STADION

foot race course & also used for other athletic performance.