APHUG Unit 6

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57 Terms

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urbanization

the process of developing towns and cities

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site

climate, landforms, availability of water, soil fertility, and other physical factors

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situation

connections between sites, the relative location often dictates the function the city

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city state

consists of an urban center and its surrounding territory and agricultural villages

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metropolitan statistical area

another way to define a city

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micropolitan statistical area

cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants (but less than 50,000) the county in which they are located, and surrounding counties with a high degree of integration

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Borchert’s transportation model

used to describe urban growth based on transportation technology, look on amsco im too tired

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Suburbanization

The process of people moving, usually from cities to residential areas on the outskirts of cities

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Boomburbs

suburb that has grown rapidly into a large and sprawling city with more than 100,000 residents

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Edge cities

community located on the outskirts of a larger city with commercial centers, office space, retail complexes and amenities typically found in an urban center

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Megacities

Metropolitan areas with populations of more than 10 million people

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Metacities

Metropolitan areas with populations of more than 20 million people

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megalopolis

describes a chain of connected cities

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conurbation

an uninterrupted urban area made of towns, suburbs, and cities

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exurbs

community on the outside edge of traditional suburbs, “exurban”. Function like a suburb but more rural and less connected to the central city core

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deurbanization

while cities are the destination for many of the world’s migrants, the counterflow of urban residents leaving cities

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world cities

Large cities that exert global economic, cultural, and political influence

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urban hierarchy

ranking based on influence or population size

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rank size rule

Model that illustrates the relationship between population distribution in cities that are interconnected in the urban hierarchy. typically indicates somewhat even development

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Gravity Model

model that illustrates the spatial relationship/ amount of interaction between locations of different sizes - flows of people, trade, traffic, communication etc.

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Central Place theory

Model that illustrates the hierarchical spatial patterns/order of cities and settlements

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Threshold

The number of people needed to support a certain good or service.

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Range

the distance that someone is willing to travel for a good or service

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High order services

Expensive, desirable, unique - large threshold and range. Typically found in higher order locations such as major cities.

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Low order services

Inexpensive, common, everyday needs, smaller threshold and range. Typically found in lower order such as towns, villages, and hamlets

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hexagonal hinterlands

in which people living in the corners would be farther from the central place-and a circle- in which there would be overlapping areas of service

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Primate city

model that illustrates disproportionate population distribution within a state.

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squatter settlements

“favelas” or “barrios” form on the outskirts of the city and in the disamenity zone

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Disamenity zones

locations that are typically steep, mountainous, and dangerous territories that are not connected to city services

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traditional CBD

small shops, narrow streets

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colonial CBD

big streets, straight, often in grid like patterns with government buildings with European architechtural styles

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infilling/urban infill

Redevelopment of vacant land to improve surrounding areas

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zoning ordinances

regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions may be used. Residential, commercial, industrial

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urban planning

a process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use

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infrastructure

refers to the basic support systems needed to keep a society and economy running smoothly

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municipal

local government of a city or town and the services it provides

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municipality

local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction

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sustainability

using the earths resources while not causing permanent damage to the environment

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greenbelts

an area of green space such as a park, agricultural land, or forest around an urban area to limit urban sprawl

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new urban design

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Mixed use development

planned urban development that includes multiple uses such as retail, residential, recreational, educational, and business

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Smart growth policies

focuses on city planning and transportation systems of an urban region

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slow growth policies

adopt policies to slow the outward spread of urban areas and place limits on building permits in order to encourage denser, more compact city

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Quantitative data

involves numbers and statistics- can be measured

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qualitative data

Involves descriptive depictions of characteristics of a research topic, often based on people’s perceptions or opinions

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redlining

housing discrimination maintained by banks starting in the 1930s, refusal to grant home loans in certain areas because of ethnic or racial composition

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blockbusting

housing discrimination maintained by real estate industry - white families were encouraged to rapidly sell when African-American families moved into neighborhoods

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inclusionary zoning

areas where city governments require that developers must include low and medium housing options in their projects to obtain building permits

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zones of abandonment

locations that have been abandoned due to lack of jobs, job opportunities, decline in land values or falling demand.

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urban renewal

programming funded by federal government grants after WW2 intended to redevelop and modernize blighted, abandoned and/or industrial urban areas

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eminent domain

which allows the government to claim private property from individuals, pay them from the property, and then use the land for the public good

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gentrification

the process by which higher income residents or professional developers buy buildings in abandoned, blighted and/or industrial areas for a low cost and renovate, restore or rebuild the property

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informal settlements

densely populated areas without coordinated planning and without sufficient public services for electricity, water and sewage

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suburban sprawl

with greater access to the automobile and roads, commercial and residential developments have expanded outward from the city core

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ecological footprint

uses land as currency to measure how fast we consume resources and generate waste compared to how fast nature can absorb our waste and generate new resources

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brownfields

large, abandoned industrial sites in central cities and suburbs, due to the shift from manufacturing to service based economics. Typically unsafe and polluted

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urban redevelopment

involves renovating a site within a city by removing the existing landscape and rebuilding from the ground up.