APHUG Unit 6

urbanization

urbanization

the process of developing towns and cities

site

climate, landforms, availability of water, soil fertility, and other physical factors

situation

connections between sites, the relative location often dictates the function the city

city state

consists of an urban center and its surrounding territory and agricultural villages

metropolitan statistical area

another way to define a city

micropolitan statistical area

cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants (but less than 50,000) the county in which they are located, and surrounding counties with a high degree of integration

Borchert’s transportation model

used to describe urban growth based on transportation technology, look on amsco im too tired

Suburbanization

The process of people moving, usually from cities to residential areas on the outskirts of cities

Boomburbs

suburb that has grown rapidly into a large and sprawling city with more than 100,000 residents

Edge cities

community located on the outskirts of a larger city with commercial centers, office space, retail complexes and amenities typically found in an urban center

Megacities

Metropolitan areas with populations of more than 10 million people

Metacities

Metropolitan areas with populations of more than 20 million people

megalopolis

describes a chain of connected cities

conurbation

an uninterrupted urban area made of towns, suburbs, and cities

exurbs

community on the outside edge of traditional suburbs, “exurban”. Function like a suburb but more rural and less connected to the central city core

deurbanization

while cities are the destination for many of the world’s migrants, the counterflow of urban residents leaving cities

world cities

Large cities that exert global economic, cultural, and political influence

urban hierarchy

ranking based on influence or population size

rank size rule

Model that illustrates the relationship between population distribution in cities that are interconnected in the urban hierarchy. typically indicates somewhat even development

Gravity Model

model that illustrates the spatial relationship/ amount of interaction between locations of different sizes - flows of people, trade, traffic, communication etc.

Central Place theory

Model that illustrates the hierarchical spatial patterns/order of cities and settlements

Threshold

The number of people needed to support a certain good or service.

Range

the distance that someone is willing to travel for a good or service

High order services

Expensive, desirable, unique - large threshold and range. Typically found in higher order locations such as major cities.

Low order services

Inexpensive, common, everyday needs, smaller threshold and range. Typically found in lower order such as towns, villages, and hamlets

hexagonal hinterlands

in which people living in the corners would be farther from the central place-and a circle- in which there would be overlapping areas of service

Primate city

model that illustrates disproportionate population distribution within a state.

squatter settlements

“favelas” or “barrios” form on the outskirts of the city and in the disamenity zone

Disamenity zones

locations that are typically steep, mountainous, and dangerous territories that are not connected to city services

traditional CBD

small shops, narrow streets

colonial CBD

big streets, straight, often in grid like patterns with government buildings with European architechtural styles

infilling/urban infill

Redevelopment of vacant land to improve surrounding areas

zoning ordinances

regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions may be used. Residential, commercial, industrial

urban planning

a process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use

infrastructure

refers to the basic support systems needed to keep a society and economy running smoothly

municipal

local government of a city or town and the services it provides

municipality

local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction

sustainability

using the earths resources while not causing permanent damage to the environment

greenbelts

an area of green space such as a park, agricultural land, or forest around an urban area to limit urban sprawl

new urban design

Mixed use development

planned urban development that includes multiple uses such as retail, residential, recreational, educational, and business

Smart growth policies

focuses on city planning and transportation systems of an urban region

slow growth policies

adopt policies to slow the outward spread of urban areas and place limits on building permits in order to encourage denser, more compact city

Quantitative data

involves numbers and statistics- can be measured

qualitative data

Involves descriptive depictions of characteristics of a research topic, often based on people’s perceptions or opinions

redlining

housing discrimination maintained by banks starting in the 1930s, refusal to grant home loans in certain areas because of ethnic or racial composition

blockbusting

housing discrimination maintained by real estate industry - white families were encouraged to rapidly sell when African-American families moved into neighborhoods

inclusionary zoning

areas where city governments require that developers must include low and medium housing options in their projects to obtain building permits

zones of abandonment

locations that have been abandoned due to lack of jobs, job opportunities, decline in land values or falling demand.

urban renewal

programming funded by federal government grants after WW2 intended to redevelop and modernize blighted, abandoned and/or industrial urban areas

eminent domain

which allows the government to claim private property from individuals, pay them from the property, and then use the land for the public good

gentrification

the process by which higher income residents or professional developers buy buildings in abandoned, blighted and/or industrial areas for a low cost and renovate, restore or rebuild the property

informal settlements

densely populated areas without coordinated planning and without sufficient public services for electricity, water and sewage

suburban sprawl

with greater access to the automobile and roads, commercial and residential developments have expanded outward from the city core

ecological footprint

uses land as currency to measure how fast we consume resources and generate waste compared to how fast nature can absorb our waste and generate new resources

brownfields

large, abandoned industrial sites in central cities and suburbs, due to the shift from manufacturing to service based economics. Typically unsafe and polluted

urban redevelopment

involves renovating a site within a city by removing the existing landscape and rebuilding from the ground up.