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urbanization
the process of developing towns and cities
site
climate, landforms, availability of water, soil fertility, and other physical factors
situation
connections between sites, the relative location often dictates the function the city
city state
consists of an urban center and its surrounding territory and agricultural villages
metropolitan statistical area
another way to define a city
micropolitan statistical area
cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants (but less than 50,000) the county in which they are located, and surrounding counties with a high degree of integration
Borchert’s transportation model
used to describe urban growth based on transportation technology, look on amsco im too tired
Suburbanization
The process of people moving, usually from cities to residential areas on the outskirts of cities
Boomburbs
suburb that has grown rapidly into a large and sprawling city with more than 100,000 residents
Edge cities
community located on the outskirts of a larger city with commercial centers, office space, retail complexes and amenities typically found in an urban center
Megacities
Metropolitan areas with populations of more than 10 million people
Metacities
Metropolitan areas with populations of more than 20 million people
megalopolis
describes a chain of connected cities
conurbation
an uninterrupted urban area made of towns, suburbs, and cities
exurbs
community on the outside edge of traditional suburbs, “exurban”. Function like a suburb but more rural and less connected to the central city core
deurbanization
while cities are the destination for many of the world’s migrants, the counterflow of urban residents leaving cities
world cities
Large cities that exert global economic, cultural, and political influence
urban hierarchy
ranking based on influence or population size
rank size rule
Model that illustrates the relationship between population distribution in cities that are interconnected in the urban hierarchy. typically indicates somewhat even development
Gravity Model
model that illustrates the spatial relationship/ amount of interaction between locations of different sizes - flows of people, trade, traffic, communication etc.
Central Place theory
Model that illustrates the hierarchical spatial patterns/order of cities and settlements
Threshold
The number of people needed to support a certain good or service.
Range
the distance that someone is willing to travel for a good or service
High order services
Expensive, desirable, unique - large threshold and range. Typically found in higher order locations such as major cities.
Low order services
Inexpensive, common, everyday needs, smaller threshold and range. Typically found in lower order such as towns, villages, and hamlets
hexagonal hinterlands
in which people living in the corners would be farther from the central place-and a circle- in which there would be overlapping areas of service
Primate city
model that illustrates disproportionate population distribution within a state.
squatter settlements
“favelas” or “barrios” form on the outskirts of the city and in the disamenity zone
Disamenity zones
locations that are typically steep, mountainous, and dangerous territories that are not connected to city services
traditional CBD
small shops, narrow streets
colonial CBD
big streets, straight, often in grid like patterns with government buildings with European architechtural styles
infilling/urban infill
Redevelopment of vacant land to improve surrounding areas
zoning ordinances
regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions may be used. Residential, commercial, industrial
urban planning
a process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use
infrastructure
refers to the basic support systems needed to keep a society and economy running smoothly
municipal
local government of a city or town and the services it provides
municipality
local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction
sustainability
using the earths resources while not causing permanent damage to the environment
greenbelts
an area of green space such as a park, agricultural land, or forest around an urban area to limit urban sprawl
new urban design
Mixed use development
planned urban development that includes multiple uses such as retail, residential, recreational, educational, and business
Smart growth policies
focuses on city planning and transportation systems of an urban region
slow growth policies
adopt policies to slow the outward spread of urban areas and place limits on building permits in order to encourage denser, more compact city
Quantitative data
involves numbers and statistics- can be measured
qualitative data
Involves descriptive depictions of characteristics of a research topic, often based on people’s perceptions or opinions
redlining
housing discrimination maintained by banks starting in the 1930s, refusal to grant home loans in certain areas because of ethnic or racial composition
blockbusting
housing discrimination maintained by real estate industry - white families were encouraged to rapidly sell when African-American families moved into neighborhoods
inclusionary zoning
areas where city governments require that developers must include low and medium housing options in their projects to obtain building permits
zones of abandonment
locations that have been abandoned due to lack of jobs, job opportunities, decline in land values or falling demand.
urban renewal
programming funded by federal government grants after WW2 intended to redevelop and modernize blighted, abandoned and/or industrial urban areas
eminent domain
which allows the government to claim private property from individuals, pay them from the property, and then use the land for the public good
gentrification
the process by which higher income residents or professional developers buy buildings in abandoned, blighted and/or industrial areas for a low cost and renovate, restore or rebuild the property
informal settlements
densely populated areas without coordinated planning and without sufficient public services for electricity, water and sewage
suburban sprawl
with greater access to the automobile and roads, commercial and residential developments have expanded outward from the city core
ecological footprint
uses land as currency to measure how fast we consume resources and generate waste compared to how fast nature can absorb our waste and generate new resources
brownfields
large, abandoned industrial sites in central cities and suburbs, due to the shift from manufacturing to service based economics. Typically unsafe and polluted
urban redevelopment
involves renovating a site within a city by removing the existing landscape and rebuilding from the ground up.