Leukocytes and Blood Disorders Flashcards

Flashcards based on lecture notes about leukocytes and blood disorders.

What is the normal range for total leukocyte count?

4000 - 11000 cells/cumm

What is leukocytosis?

Increase in leukocyte count above 11000 cells/cumm.

What is leukopenia?

Decrease in leukocyte count below 4000 cells/cumm.

What are granulocytes?

WBCs that contain granules in their cytoplasm (e.g., neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils).

What are agranulocytes?

WBCs that lack visible granules in their cytoplasm (e.g., lymphocytes and monocytes).

What is a Neutrophil?

A type of granulocyte and the first line of defense against bacterial infections.

What are the granules of neutrophils?

Fine pink granules.

What are the granules of eosinophils?

Coarse crimson red granules.

What are the granules of basophils?

Purple to bluish-black granules.

What is a Dohle body?

A pale blue inclusion seen in neutrophils during bacterial infections.

What is a toxic granule?

Coarse, deep blue to purple basophilic granules in neutrophils seen in bacterial infections.

What is hypersegmentation of neutrophils?

More than 5 lobes in a neutrophil nucleus, seen in megaloblastic anemia.

What is Arneth count?

A grading system for neutrophils based on the number of lobes in their nuclei, used to assess the "shift to left" or "shift to right".

What is "shift to left"?

Increased younger neutrophils (band forms) seen in acute infections.

What is "shift to right"?

Increased hypersegmented neutrophils seen in megaloblastic anemia.

What are virocytes?

Transformed lymphocytes with blastoid or plasmacytoid features seen in viral infections like measles or flu.

What are "virgin cells"?

Mature B lymphocytes that have not been exposed to antigen.

What is neutrophilia?

Increased neutrophil count, typically above 7,500/μl, seen in infections and inflammation.

What are causes of neutrophilia?

Acute bacterial infections, tissue damage, uremia, neoplastic conditions like leukemia.

What is leukemoid reaction?

A reactive increase in white blood cell count, mimicking leukemia but not due to malignant hematopoiesis.

What is NAP score?

The neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (NAP) score reflects neutrophil maturity based on enzyme activity and staining intensity.

What is neutropenia?

Decreased neutrophil count below 2000/μl.

What are causes of neutropenia?

Infections, drugs (e.g., chemotherapy), and hematological disorders like aplastic anemia.

What is lymphocytosis?

Increased lymphocyte count above 4000/μl, seen in viral infections and some hematologic disorders.

What is lymphopenia?

Decreased lymphocyte count below 1500/μl, seen in conditions like AIDS, steroid use, and Hodgkin's disease.

What is monocytosis?

Increased monocyte count above 800/μl, seen in bacterial infections and hematological disorders.

What is basophilia?

Increased basophil count above 100/μl, seen in conditions like chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

What is eosinophilia?

Increased eosinophil count above 400/μl, seen in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.

What are Dohle bodies?

Pale light blue-gray oval inclusions found in neutrophils during infections.

What is Pelger-Huet anomaly?

A genetic condition causing abnormally shaped neutrophil nuclei (bilobed or dumbbell-shaped).

What are Turk cells?

Transformed lymphocytes (immunoblasts) seen in bacterial and viral infections.

What is Ballerina Skirt cell?

Atypical lymphocytes seen in infectious mononucleosis with agranular pale cytoplasm.

What is Lazy leukocyte syndrome?

A condition with severe neutropenia and abnormal mobilization of neutrophils.

What is LE cell?

A neutrophil that has ingested a denatured nuclear mass (LE body), seen in lupus erythematosus.

What is a Tart cell?

A monocyte that has ingested another cell's intact nucleus.

What is leukemia?

A malignancy of hematopoietic tissue with uncontrolled proliferation of leukopoietic cells in the bone marrow.

What is the difference between Myeloblast and Lymphoblast?

Myeloblasts are immature granulocytes, while lymphoblasts are immature lymphocytes.

What is aleukemic leukemia?

A condition with normal or low WBC count in peripheral blood, but with >20% blast cells in bone marrow.

What is subleukemic leukemia?

A condition with abnormal WBCs in peripheral blood but normal total WBC count.

What is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)?

A type of leukemia characterized by immature lymphocytes and better prognosis compared to AML.

What is juvenile CML?

A form of chronic myeloid leukemia that occurs in children under 4 years, often with Philadelphia chromosome negative.

What are smudge cells?

Fragments of lymphocytes, often seen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), indicating poor prognosis.

What is FAB classification of leukemia?

A system used to classify leukemia based on morphology, with different types of AML and ALL.

What is thrombocytopenia?

Platelet count below 150,000/μl, often seen in leukemia, aplastic anemia, and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).

What is thrombocytosis?

Platelet count above 400,000/µl, often seen in myeloproliferative disorders and secondary causes like infection.

What is the relationship between platelet count and bleeding?

Platelet count < 50,000/μl increases the risk of spontaneous bleeding.

Rod-shaped structures in the cytoplasm of myeloblasts, characteristic of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).\n\n

What is Auer rods?\n\n

A specific abnormal chromosome (translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22) associated with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).\n\n

What is the Philadelphia chromosome?\n\n

A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B lymphocytes with hair-like projections.\n\n

What is Hairy cell leukemia?\n\n

A type of abnormal T lymphocyte with a cerebriform (brain-like) nucleus, seen in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.\n\n

What is Sezary cell?\n\n

A plasma cell malignancy characterized by excessive production of abnormal immunoglobulins (paraproteins).\n\n

What is multiple myeloma?\n\n

Free immunoglobulin light chains found in the urine of patients with multiple myeloma.\n\n

What are Bence Jones proteins?\n\n

Stacked arrangement of red blood cells resembling a stack of coins, seen in multiple myeloma due to increased serum proteins.\n\n

What is rouleaux formation?\n\n

Red blood cells with short, evenly spaced projections, seen in uremia and liver disease.\n\n

What is Burr cells?\n\n

Nuclear remnants in red blood cells, seen in splenectomy or splenic dysfunction.\n\n

What is Howell-Jolly bodies?\n\n

Iron inclusions in red blood cells, seen in sideroblastic anemia and splenectomy.\n\n

What is Pappenheimer bodies?\n\n

Denatured hemoglobin inclusions in red blood cells, seen in G6PD deficiency and unstable hemoglobinopathies.\n\n

What are Heinz bodies?\n\n

Threadlike nuclear remnants in red blood cells, seen in severe anemias.\n\n

What are Cabot rings?\n\n