test 2

list the three main functions of blood

1. transportation
2. regulation
3. protection

pH, body temperature, and water content are all regulated by what?

blood

describe the oxygen content of a blood sample that is bright red

high O2

describe the oxygen content of a blood sample that is a deeper brick red

low O2

what is the pH range of blood?

7.35-7.45

what is the avg temperature of blood?

38 degrees Celsius

blood makes up about \________% of body weight

8

men will have, on average, between \_____-\_____ L of blood

5-6

about how many liters of blood do women typically have?

4-5

\_________ \= 44% of blood

erythrocytes

\_________ \= 55% of blood

plasma

\_________ \= 1% of blood

buffy coat

what is contained within the buffy coat?

white blood cells and platelets

what is contained within plasma and in what concentrations?

water (90%), proteins (9%), and solutes (1%)

what is the purpose of erythrocytes donut shape and lack of organelles and nuclei

to increase surface area and fit more hemoglobin

what components make up 1 hemoglobin molecule?

4 polypeptide chains, each with 1 heme (iron) group

how many oxygens can 1 molecule of hemoglobin bind?

4

How long do red blood cells live?

about 120 days

the \____________ carries out phagocytosis and recycling of old RBC's

spleen

what word describes the creation of blood cells? where does this process take place?

hematopoeisis, red bone marrow

all formed elements in blood come from \________________ \_________________ cells

hematopoetic stem cells

list the hormones that stimulate the creation of
1. erythrocytes
2. leukocytes
3. platelets

1. erythropoetin
2. cytokins
3. thrombopoetin

the condition of having too few red blood cells (a low hematocrit) is termed \_____________________

hypoxia

erythropoeisis depends on adequate amounts of \_________, \___________ \__________, and \_____ \___________ being present

iron, amino acids, b vitamins

define anemia

a decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

a deficiency in iron will lead to \__________ \________________ anemia

iron deficiency

a vitamin b12 deficiency will result in \__________________ anemia

pernicious

abnormally shaped hemoglobin will result in \___________ \__________ anemia

sickle cell

a person who inherits just one copy of the sickle cell trait will be diagnosed with \________ \________ \________, and will likely be asymptomatic with an immunity to malaria

sickle cell trait

individuals with severe sickle cell disease possess \______ mutated alleles

2

an increase in white blood cells is termed what?

leukocytosis

Define Leukopenia

decrease in white blood cells

what are the two classes of leukocytes?

granulocytes and agranulocytes

list the three kinds of granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

\__________________ possess a 3-5 lobed nucleus and are the most common granulocytes

neutrophils

\__________________ have a 2 lobed nucleus, combat parasitic worms, and stain red (acidic)

eosinophils

\_________________ have an s shaped nucleus, large granules, and release histamine to fight inflammation

basophils

do agranulocytes have granules?

yes, however they do not react specifically to the staining process and therefore do not show up under the microscope

what are the 2 types of agranulocytes?

lymphocytes and monocytes

\______________ have U shaped nuclei and become macrophages

monocytes

what are the two kinds of lympocytes

B and T

\____________ produce antibodies

B lymphocytes

\______________ carry out directed destruction of pathogens

T lymphocytes

list the 4 cell types that stem from the myeloid cell line

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes

list the two cell types that stem from the lymphoid cell line

T lymphocytes and B Lymphocyte

what are bone marrow transplants commonly used to treat?

anemia, leukemia, and other blood disorders

rejection is less likely with \______________ \____________ transplants

cord blood

platelets are NOT \__________________

thrombocytes

\_____________ produce and release platelets into the bone marrow through cytoplasmic "arms"

megakaryocytes

platelets are functional for \____________days, where are they recycled when this time is up?

5-7, the spleen and liver

what do platelets contain?

actin, myosin, and proteins that promote blood clotting

hemostasis \=

stopping bleeding

list the five general steps of hemostasis

1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug formation
3. coagulation
4. clot retraction
5. thrombolysis

what is the purpose of vascular spasms?

to increase tissue pressure and decrease blood loss

platelets bind to exposed collagen fibers and each other to create a \____________ \__________

platelet plug

what substance binds formed elements together to create a clot?

fibrin

what are the two pathways the clotting cascade can take?

1. intrinsic / contact activation
2. extrinsic / tissue factor

list the first three steps of the intrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade

1. exposed collagen fibers activate factor 12
2. factors 11 and 9 become activated
3. factors, 9a, 13a, and Ca2+ form an enzyme that activates factor 10

list the first three steps of the extrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade

1. subendothelial cells display tissue factor
2. tissue factor activates factor 7
3. factor 7a, tissue factor, and Ca2+ form an enzyme complex that activates factor 10

both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of clot formation converge in their final 2 steps, called the \________________ pathway

common

list the two main steps of the common pathway

1. factors 10a, 5a, and Ca2+ form an prothrombin activator, which changes prothrombin into thrombin
2. thrombin turns fibrinogen into fibrin

\_________________ occurs when compatible antigens and antibodies combine

agglutination

Which blood type is the universal donor?

type O-

Which blood type is the universal recipient?

type AB+

what is the liquid that contains antibodies that is mixed with blood samples to determine their type called?

antisera

where are antigens of a persons blood type found in the blood?

on the RBC's

antibodies that do not agglutinate with a persons blood type will be found in the \_______________

plasma

will a person with a positive blood type have anti-Rh antibodies in their plasma?

no

which blood type has no antigens of any kind on their RBC's?

O-

what causes hemolytic disease of the newborn?

a mother who has anti-Rh antibodies becomes pregnant with an Rh+ baby

the heart is approximately \________ to the left of the midline

2/3

how many miles of vessels does the heart pump blood through?

75,000

name the three layers of the hear wall, from superficial to deep

1. pericardium
2. myocardium
3. endocardium

describe the anatomy of the pericardium

2 layers (parietal ad visceral) with pericardial fluid between them to reduce friction

the \_______________ is made of cardiac muscle tissue and comprises 95% of the hearts mass

myocardium

what lines the heart chambers and valves? what is it continuous with?

endocardium, continuous with lining of large vessels

name the 4 large vessels of the heart

superior and inferior vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery

what is the purpose of the heart having 4 chambers?

to prevent mixing of O2 poor and O2 rich blood

the \_______________ of the heart receive all blood initially

atria

what are considered the outgoing chambers or pumps of the heart?

the ventricles

what is the function of the auricles of the heart?

to increase the capacity of the atria

Where are the coronary arteries located?

within the sulci on the exterior surface of the heart

the tricuspid and bicuspid are the two \_________________________ valves

atrioventricular

what is another name for the bicuspid AV valve?

the mitral valve

the tricuspid AV valve is on the \_______________ side of the body, bicuspid is on the \_______________

tricuspid \= right : bicuspid \= left

what separates the ventricles from arteries?

the semilunar valves

all blood on the right side of the heart is \__________________ oxygenated and bound for the \__________________

poorly, lungs

all blood on the left side of the body is \____________________ oxygenated and bound for the \_____________________

richly, rest of the body

describe the path of a blood cell, from the extremities to the lungs for reoxygenation and back

1. into right atrium through inferior vena cava
2. right atrium contracts sending blood into right ventricle
3. right ventricle contracts sending blood into pulmonary trunk and to lungs
4. blood returns to left atrium from lungs
5. left atrium contracts, sending blood into left ventricle
6. left ventricle contacts POWERFULLY, sending blood back to extremities through aorta

the \______________ and \_______________ contact and relax the valves of the heart

chordae tendineae, papillary muscles

\_________________ carry blood blood away from the heart

arteries

\_________________ carry blood to the heart

veins

what is the thickest, strongest chamber of the heart

the left ventricle

the \________________________ branch off of aorta, delivering oxygenated blood to the myocardia

coronary arteries

the \__________________ receives O2 poor blood from the coronary veins to the right atrium

coronary sinus

Where is the coronary sinus located?

posterior middle heart

what causes coronary artery disease?

obstructions (artherosclerosis, clot)

How is Coronary Artery Disease treated?

balloon angioplasty to remove obstruction or installment of a stent

what is the functional significance of intercalated discs?

they allow muscle to contract as a unit

intercalated discs contain \______ \_________________ and \_____________________

gap junctions, desmosomes