Written Anatomy Final

Foregut — contents & blood supply

Esophagus, stomach, duodenum, spleen, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas; supplied by the celiac trunk.

Midgut — contents & blood supply

Jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, and proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon; supplied by the superior mesenteric artery.

Hindgut — contents & blood supply

Distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum; supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery.

I Ate Ten Eggs at Noon — meaning

I = IVC/caval opening → T8; Ate Ten = esophageal hiatus → T10; At Noon = aortic hiatus → T12.

Peritoneum

A continuous, bilayered membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and surrounds the viscera.

Parietal peritoneum

Lines the internal surface of the abdominopelvic wall.

Visceral peritoneum

Directly invests or covers organs such as the stomach and intestines.

Portal vein

Carries deoxygenated blood containing absorbed nutrients from the intestines to the liver.

Hepatic vein

Carries processed blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava.

Hepatic artery

Supplies oxygenated blood to the liver tissue.

First-pass metabolism

Processing of orally administered drugs by the liver's portal circulation before they reach systemic arterial supply.

Spleen

Depletes red blood cells and digests bacteria.

Large intestine

Primarily absorbs water and salts.

Gallbladder

Stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver and releases bile as needed into the duodenum.

Kidneys

Filter blood to remove metabolic waste and maintain fluid balance.

Ureters

Muscular ducts that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Suprarenal/adrenal glands

Located between the superior aspects of the kidneys and the diaphragm; produce hormones that regulate the stress response and maintain homeostasis.

Four abdominal quadrants — planes

Established by the vertical median plane and horizontal transumbilical plane.

Diaphragm — motor innervation

Phrenic nerve.

Diaphragm — T8 opening

Inferior vena cava passes through the caval opening at T8.

Diaphragm — T10 opening

Esophagus passes through the esophageal hiatus at T10.

Diaphragm — T12 opening

Abdominal aorta passes through the aortic hiatus at T12.

Great vessels — branches of aortic arch

Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery.

Brachiocephalic trunk — branches

Right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery.

Superior vena cava — formation

Union of the left and right brachiocephalic veins.

Superior vena cava — function

Returns blood from structures superior to the diaphragm, excluding the heart and lungs.

Pulmonary trunk

Divides into right and left pulmonary arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Pulmonary arteries

Carry poorly oxygenated/deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Pulmonary veins

Carry well-oxygenated blood to the left atrium.

Pulmonary capillaries

Site within the lungs that facilitates gas exchange between blood and air.

Right ventricle

Pumps poorly oxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk.

Left atrium

Receives well-oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.

Fossa ovalis

Shallow depression in the right atrium representing the remnant of the fetal foramen ovale.

Auricle

Increases the holding capacity of an atrium.

Coronary sinus

Drains venous blood from the heart muscle into the right atrium.

Three structures draining into right atrium

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.

Papillary muscles

Contract to tighten the chordae tendineae.

Chordae tendineae

Stabilize valve cusps and prevent them from prolapsing into the atria during ventricular contraction.

Tricuspid valve

Located between the right atrium and right ventricle.

Mitral/bicuspid valve

Separates the left atrium from the left ventricle.

Coronary arteries

Supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood.

Left ventricle

Heart chamber a catheter must pass through to reach the ascending aorta most directly.

Aortic valve

Prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle.

Pulmonary valve

Prevents backflow of blood from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle.

Blood flow — systemic venous return from left subclavian

Left subclavian vein → left brachiocephalic vein → superior vena cava.

Blood flow — pulmonary circuit

Right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → pulmonary capillaries/lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium.

Pelvis — three bones

Ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Acetabulum — three bones

Ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Iliac crest — vertebral level

L4.

Ischial tuberosity

Bony landmark serving as an attachment point for muscles that extend the hip.

Pubic symphysis

Cartilaginous joint where a fibrocartilage disk unites the right and left pubic bones.

Acetabulofemoral joint

Triaxial synovial ball-and-socket joint formed by the acetabulum and head of the femur.

Transverse acetabular ligament

Closes the inferior portion of the bony acetabular cup.

Acetabular labrum

Fibrocartilaginous structure attached to the acetabular rim that deepens the cup and increases joint stability.

Sacroiliac joint

Synovial plane gliding joint between the sacrum and ilium that permits limited movement.

Femoral neck

Proximal femur location where fractures most frequently occur.

Linea aspera

Vertical ridge of bone on the posterior femur that serves as an attachment site for multiple muscles.

Gluteal tuberosity

Ridge of bone between the greater trochanter and linea aspera; articulates with/serves as an attachment for gluteus maximus.

Gluteus maximus — action

Extension and lateral rotation of the femur.

Gluteus maximus — innervation

Inferior gluteal nerve.

Gluteus medius & minimus — actions

Abduction of the femur.

Gluteus medius & minimus — innervation

Superior gluteal nerve.

Trendelenburg sign — muscles

Weakness of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.

Trendelenburg sign — nerve

Superior gluteal nerve injury.

Piriformis — attachments

Sacrum to greater trochanter of the femur.

Sciatic nerve — common compression site

Lower border of piriformis.

Obturator nerve — primary hip movement affected by injury

Hip adduction.

Posterior thigh — tibial nerve muscle

Long head of biceps femoris.

Gracilis — AAI

Pubic bone → medial tibia; adducts hip and flexes knee; obturator nerve.

Semimembranosus & semitendinosus — attachment and innervation

Ischial tuberosity → medial tibia
tibial nerve.

Adductor group — AAI

Ischium/pubic bone → linea aspera & adductor tubercle; adducts femur; obturator nerve.

Anterior thigh compartment — innervation

Femoral nerve.

Medial thigh compartment — innervation

Obturator nerve.

Posterior thigh compartment — innervation

Tibial nerve.

Lumbosacral plexus — roots

Ventral rami of L1 through S5.

Lumbar plexus — roots

L1 through L5.

Sacral plexus — roots

S1 through S5.

Iliacus — innervation

Femoral nerve.

Obturator nerve — route into medial thigh

Through the obturator foramen.

Sciatic nerve — terminal branches

Tibial nerve and common fibular/common peroneal nerve.

Deep veins of lower extremity

Accompany all major arteries and their branches.

Two major deep veins

Popliteal vein and femoral vein.

Two major superficial veins

Great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein.

Small saphenous vein — drainage

Drains into the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa.

Great saphenous vein — drainage

Drains into the femoral vein in the femoral triangle.

Great saphenous vein — location

Medial aspect of the leg and thigh.

Internal iliac artery

Supplies the gluteal and medial thigh regions after branching from the common iliac artery.

External iliac artery → femoral artery

Becomes the femoral artery after passing deep to the inguinal ligament.

Femoral artery → popliteal artery

Becomes the popliteal artery after passing through the adductor hiatus.

Tibiofemoral joint

Uniaxial joint.

ACL — function

Prevents anterior displacement of the tibia.

PCL — function

Prevents posterior displacement of the tibia.

ACL — tibial insertion

Anterior border of the tibia.

PCL — tibial insertion

Posterior border of the tibia.

Tibial tuberosity fracture — major action affected

Knee extension.

Rectus femoris — attachments

Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) → tibial tuberosity.

Rectus femoris — actions

Hip flexion and knee extension.

Vastus group — attachments

Linea aspera → tibial tuberosity.

Vastus group — shared action

Knee extension.

Quadriceps — function

Extension of the knee; efficiency is improved by the patella.