Chapter 3 Genetics

What makes up th handrail?

Phosphate group+ Sugar

What makes up the steps?

Nitrogenous bases

Hydrogen Bonds

Weaker bonds that ensure proper alignment

Covalent bonds

make up the hand rail, stronger to prevent mutations

Linear sequence

how DNA is stored, in tack after transcription

Central dogma

linear sequence information retained after transcription

Histones

special patients that twist DNA into chromosomes when DNA isn’t being expressed/used

Redundant repair systems

Looking at half of the olecclue and replacing the bonds, a process done by proteins (UV radiation)

Helicase

the enzyme that break part DNA helicase

replication bubble

the bubble that appears after the helicase opens the DNA

DNA polymarase

Makes sure the DNA matches

RNA Transcription

makes messenger RNA

Radioactive labeling

determines the location of DNA (thymine) RNA (uracil) and Proteins (amino acids)

Location of RNA

nucleus and cytoplasm

RNA synthetse

matches the transcripts

post translational tailoring

any change made to the mRNA after its been made

what s mRNA

carries information made by transcription in nucleus

what is tRNA

carries amino acids to transcription site at ribosomes

HnRNA

RNA that has yet to be processed holds bad info

SnRNA

slices the good parts together cutting out the noise from HnRNA

ribosome active sites

total of 3. 2=tRNA 1=mRNA

how many amino acids are used by mRNA

20

how many nucleotides make up a codon

3 wth a total of 64 codons

start codon

AUG (amino acid methionine) - where proteins start when being made

stop codons

total of 3 more important

translation

making proteins in the cytoplasm

CCA stem

acceptor stem used to attach amino acids

Two side loops of tRNA

ancho the amino acid

Anti codon arm

3 anti codon nucleotides which will match with the coplietarty codon in mRNA during protein synthesis

Crookied L

same function just happens in a different shape

Tnascription

RNA polymerase attaches to the gene moving along the DNA making a strand of mRNA out of 3 bases in the nucleus. The DNA code determines the order in which bases are added by counting hydrogen bonds.

DNA to protien

mRNA is read 3 bases at a time. as each base is ready the tRNA ddelivers the corresponding amino acid. this continues and each amino acid is added to a growing chain until the last amino acid has been added. this fors the protien

elongation

the old peptide chain is added to the new

what do stop codons code for

protiens

peptide bonds

this is what links the amino acid chains together when making a protien

pimary structure

otare mde upof multiplepoly peptide chains folder together